正当防卫的司法证明问题——以犯罪构成视角看待一起反杀案
The Problem of Judicial Proof of Justifiable Defense —A Case of Counter Murder through the Lens of Criminal Composition

在我国的刑事诉讼中，控方需承担证明被告人“有罪”的责任，常采用犯罪构成的视角来展开。然而，关于正当防卫的举证责任分配尚未有明确的规则。传统的四要件犯罪构成体系，不论将正当防卫纳入其中还是视为与犯罪构成无关，都无法得到更合理的证明责任分配。随着刑法和刑事诉讼法的探索，以及对典型案例的深入剖析，递进式的阶层犯罪构成理论可以为举证责任分配提供更为合理的准则。因此，有必要在未来的法律实践中，进一步探讨和完善正当防卫举证责任分配的规则。
In China’s criminal proceedings, the prosecution has the burden of proving the defendant’s guilt, often approaching from a criminal composition perspective. The allocation of proof for justifiable defense, however, lacks a standardized rule. Within the conventional four-part criminal composition model, attempting to fit justifiable defense within or alongside criminal composition does not yield a satisfactory proof allocation. With the exploration of the Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law and the in-depth analysis of typical cases, a progressive layered theory of criminal constitution can provide more reasonable guidelines for the allocation of the burden of proof. Therefore, it is necessary to explore and improve the rules further for the allocation of the burden of proof for justifiable defense in future legal practice.