The Tonga submarine event refers to the volcanic eruption near the Tonga islands in the South Pacific Ocean, which produced a large plume possibly reaching the stratosphere and mesosphere. This interaction between volcanic activity and atmospheric layers can impact global climate. Identifying fundamental causes from atmospheric layers will help answer broader weather-related questions. El Ni？o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural climate pattern involving the warming and cooling of ocean waters in the equatorial Pacific, significantly affecting global weather patterns. Both events are compared with worldwide climate anomalies observed in the past three years. The results highlight that natural hazard anomalies cannot be solely explained by volcanic eruptions or ENSO variations.
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