任意责任保险中受害人直接请求权适用代位制度的理论分析
A Theoretical Analysis of the Subrogation System for the Victim’s Direct Claim in Arbitrary Liability Insurance

随着社会事故和大规模侵权的出现，责任保险应运而生。责任保险是一种特殊的保险类型，其以被保险人对受害第三人依法应负的赔偿责任作为保险标的。建立有利于保护受害人权益的损害赔偿机制更加必要，故将责任保险分为强制责任保险和任意责任保险，为了保护受害第三人的利益，现行《保险法》第六十五条规定了，一定程度上赋予了受害第三人直接请求权，但保险法在被保险人和受害人的利益之间做出了权衡，给受害第三人行使直接请求权设置了一定的条件，《中华人民共和国保险法》第六十五条第二款：“责任保险的被保险人给第三者造成损害，被保险人对第三者应负的赔偿责任确定的，根据被保险人的请求，保险人应该直接向该第三者赔偿保险金。被保险人怠于请求的，第三者有权就其应获赔部分直接向被保险人请求赔偿保险金。”从而造成理论界和实务界对受害第三人直接请求权的争议，应首先区分强制责任保险和任意责任保险，强制责任保险强调对第三人权益保护无可厚非，强制责任保险的受害第三人享有无条件的直接请求权，但任意责任保险的投保人是否投保完全取决于自己的意志，其投保的目的对自己未知赔付能力的补偿，若有意弱化对被保险人权益的保护则是对合同当事人意志自由的违背，对于任意责任保险中的受害第三人直接请求权的运行方式则应借鉴债权人代位制度加以完善。
With the emergence of social accidents and large-scale infringements, liability insurance has emerged. Liability insurance is a special type of insurance that focuses on the insured’s legal liability for compensation to a third party who is injured. It is more necessary to establish a damage compensation mechanism that is conducive to protecting the rights and interests of victims. Therefore, liability insurance is divided into compulsory liability insurance and arbitrary liability insurance. In order to protect the interests of third parties who are victims, Article 65 of the current “Insurance Law” stipulates that to a certain extent, the injured third party is granted the right to make direct claims. However, the Insurance Law balances the interests of the insured and the victim, and sets certain conditions for the injured third party to exercise the right to make direct claims. Article 65 (2) of the “Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China” states: “If the insured of liability insurance causes damage to a third party and the insured’s liability for compensation to the third party is determined, according to the insured’s request, the insurer should directly make claims to the third party. Compensate for insurance benefits. If the insured fails to make a claim, a third party has the right to directly request compensation from the insured for the portion that should be compensated”. As a result, there is controversy in both theoretical and practical circles regarding the direct claim rights of third parties who are victims. Therefore, it is necessary to first distinguish between compulsory liability insurance and arbitrary liability insurance. Compulsory liability insurance emphasizes the protection of the rights and interests of third parties, which is understandable. The third party who is