紧急救助行为中的免责条款研究
Study on the Exemption Clause in the Emergency Rescue Behavior

自“彭宇案”以来，道德滑坡现象一直存在，国家为改善社会风气，先后在《民法总则》《民法典》中规定了紧急救助行为的免责制度。但该规定过于笼统模糊，在司法适用中还存在一些问题。《民法典》184条对紧急救助行为的概念、性质未作明确的界定；救助人的免责范围过于宽泛；事后的保障制度尚不完善。面对这些问题，应通过加强立法，出台相关司法解释，明确行为概念及性质以便更好对其做出认定；公平分配双方的权利义务，实现社会平等；建立健全奖励与保护双机制，鼓励见义勇为，弘扬社会正气的同时，保障双方的基本权益。
Since the “Peng Yu case”, the phenomenon of moral decline has always existed. In order to improve the social atmosphere, the state has stipulated the exemption system for emergency relief behavior in the General Provisions of the Civil Law and the Civil Code. However, the regulation is too general and vague, and there are still some problems in the judicial application. Article 184 of the Civil Code does not clearly define the concept and nature of emergency relief; the scope of relief is too broad; the guarantee system is not perfect. In the face of these problems, we should strengthen legislation, issue relevant judicial interpretations, clarify the concept and nature of behavior in order to better identify them; fairly distribute the rights and obligations of both parties, and realize social equality; establish and improve the double mechanism of reward and protection, to encourage good deeds, promote social integrity, and protect the basic rights and interests of both parties.