The global rise in energy demand, particularly in remote and sparsely populated regions, necessitates innovative and cost-effective electrical distribution solutions. Traditional Rural Electrification (RE) methods, like Conventional Rural Electrification (CRE), have proven economically unfeasible in such areas due to high infrastructure costs and low electricity demand. Consequently, Unconventional Rural Electrification (URE) technologies, such as Capacitor Coupled Substations (CCS), are gaining attention as viable alternatives. This study presents the design and simulation of an 80 kW CCS system, which taps power directly from a 132 kV transmission line to supply low-voltage consumers. The critical components of the CCS, the capacitors are calculated, then a MATLAB/Simulink model with the attained results is executed. Mathematical representation and state-space representation for maintaining the desired tapped voltage area also developed. The research further explores the feasibility and operational performance of this CCS configuration, aiming to address the challenges of rural electrification by offering a sustainable and scalable solution. The results show that the desired value of the tapped voltage can be achieved at any level of High Voltage (HV) with the selection of capacitors that are correctly rated. With an adequately designed control strategy, the research also shows that tapped voltage can be attained under both steady-state and dynamic loads. By leveraging CCS technology, the study demonstrates the potential for delivering reliable electricity to underserved areas, highlighting the system’s practicality and effectiveness in overcoming the limitations of conventional distribution methods.
References
[1]
Bayliss, K. and Pollen, G. (2021) The Power Paradigm in Practice: A Critical Review of Developments in the Zambian Electricity Sector. World Development, 140, Article ID: 105358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105358
[2]
Samad, T. and Annaswamy, A.M. (2017) Controls for Smart Grids: Architectures and Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE, 105, 2244-2261. https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2017.2707326
[3]
Falchetta, G., Pachauri, S., Byers, E., Danylo, O. and Parkinson, S.C. (2020) Satellite Observations Reveal Inequalities in the Progress and Effectiveness of Recent Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa. One Earth, 2, 364-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.03.007
[4]
Saulo, M.J. (2014) Penetration Level of Un-Conventional Rural Electrification Technologies on Power Networks. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town.
[5]
Olówósejéjé, S., Leahy, P. and Morrison, A.P. (2020) A Practical Approach for Increased Electrification, Lower Emissions and Lower Energy Costs in Africa. Sustainable Futures, 2, Article ID: 100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2020.100022
[6]
Nene, S.W., Abe, B.T. and Nnachi, A.F. (2023) Modeling and Analysis of Multiple Capacitor Coupled Substations at Different Proximities. 2023 31st Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference (SAUPEC), Johannesburg, 24-26 January 2023, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/saupec57889.2023.10057698
[7]
Saulo, M.J. and Gaunt, C.T. (2015) The Impact of Capacitor Coupled Sub-Station in Rural Electrification of Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, 4, 12-29.
[8]
Raphalalani, T., Ijumba, N. and Jimoh, A. (2002) Capacitive Divider System for Feeding a Distribution Network from EHV Line. PowerCon 2000. 2000 International Conference on Power System Technology. Proceedings (Cat. No.00EX409), Perth, 4-7 December 2000, 299-304.
[9]
Abbasi, A., Fathi, S.H. and Mihankhah, A. (2017) Elimination of Chaotic Ferroresonant Oscillations Originated from TCSC in the Capacitor Voltage Transformer. IETE Journal of Research, 64, 354-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2017.1353928
[10]
Radmanesh, H. (2012) Ferroresonance Elimination in 275kv Substation. Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2, 54-59. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.eee.20120202.10
[11]
Rojas, R.E., Chaves, J.S. and Tavares, M.C. (2023) Ferroresonance Mitigation for the Unconventional Rural Electrification System. Electric Power Systems Research, 223, Article ID: 109590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109590
[12]
Ogeya, M., Muhoza, C. and Johnson, O.W. (2021) Integrating User Experiences into Mini-Grid Business Model Design in Rural Tanzania. Energy for Sustainable Development, 62, 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2021.03.011
[13]
Schilder, M., Britten, A., Mathebula, M. and Singh, A. (2005) Eskom Experience with On-Site Field Tests of a Capacitive Coupled Substation. 2005 IEEE Power Engineering Society Inaugural Conference and Exposition in Africa, Durban, 11-15 July 2005, 105-110.
[14]
Reeves, K., Gaunt, C.T. and Braae, M. (2011) Modelling and Dynamic Systems Analysis of Instability in a Capacitor-Coupled Substation Supplying an Induction Motor. Electric Power Systems Research, 81, 888-893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2010.11.026
[15]
Ritzmann, D., Wright, P.S., Holderbaum, W. and Potter, B. (2016) A Method for Accurate Transmission Line Impedance Parameter Estimation. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 65, 2204-2213. https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2016.2556920
[16]
Mohan, V., Poornima, S. and Sugumaran, C.P. (2019) Mitigation of Ferroresonance in Capacitive Voltage Transformer Using Memelements. 2019 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Technology (ICHVET), Hyderabad, 7-8 February 2019, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ichvet.2019.8724375
[17]
Chen, B., Du, L., Liu, K., Chen, X., Zhang, F. and Yang, F. (2017) Measurement Error Estimation for Capacitive Voltage Transformer by Insulation Parameters. Energies, 10, Article 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030357
[18]
de Andrade Reis, R.L., Neves, W.L.A., Lopes, F.V. and Fernandes, D. (2019) Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers Models and Impacts on Electric Power Systems: A Review. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 34, 1874-1884. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2019.2908390
[19]
Mishra, D.S.B. and Alok, D.S. (2022) Fundamentals of Research. In: Mishra, D.S.B. and Alok, D.S., Ed., Handbook of Research Methodology, Educreation Publishing, 2.
[20]
Buraimoh, E., Adebiyi, A.A., Ayamolowo, O.J. and Davidson, I.E. (2020) South Africa Electricity Supply System: The Past, Present and the Future. 2020 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica, Nairobi, 25-28 August 2020, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/powerafrica49420.2020.9219923
[21]
Pratama, N.A. and Rahmawati, Y. (2020) Evaluation of Unbalanced Load Impacts on Distribution. Frontier Energy System and Power Engineering, 2, 28-35.