Malaria and Anemia among Pregnant Women in the Foumban Health District: West-Cameroon

Malaria is one of the deadliest endemic diseases in Africa. The causative agent of this disease, Plasmodium, contributes to severe complications such as anemia, particularly in vulnerable groups. In Cameroon, the health system aims to protect patients through the free distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets and intermittent preventive treatment for malaria. However, access to these interventions remains limited. The objective of our study was to determine the distribution of malaria in pregnancy and its association with anemia. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study targeting pregnant women attending consultations, selected by convenience sampling, from February to May 2021 in three major health facilities in the Foumban health district of West Cameroon. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to the pregnant women, results from malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), thick drop microscopy for malaria diagnosis, and blood counts. The prevalence of malaria and anemia was estimated, as well as the association between malaria infection and the occurrence of anemia. Results: A total of 395 (91.86%) out of 430 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of malaria and anemia was 5.06% and 30.37%, respectively. Anemia was diagnosed in 120 women (30.37%), including 73 (60.83%) with mild anemia, 46 (38.33%) with moderate anemia, and 1 (0.83%) with severe anemia. Among women with malaria, 8 (40%) had anemia. Malaria infection was found to be associated with an increased risk of developing mild anemia (OR = 1.80 [0.66 - 4.85]) and a decreased risk of developing moderate anemia (OR = 0.74 [0.16 - 3.33]), although these associations were not statistically significant. Conclusion: A relatively low malaria prevalence was registered in the study population while anemia was more prevalent. Lack of association between malaria and anemia may be linked to low malaria prevalence.