《行政处罚法》主观过错条款的适用研究
A Study on the Application of the Subjective Fault Clauses in the “Administrative Penalty Law”

行政处罚对于维护社会秩序，推进社会发展等方面发挥着重要作用。2021年《行政处罚法》修订新增的“主观过错条款”引发讨论。基于“主观过错是否为行政处罚的构成要件”的讨论，作出条款性质之争的实质在于我国行政处罚采取何种归责原则这一判断。随后通过司法实践案例对第三十三条“主观过错条款”的内涵进行填充，总结了“主观过错条款”的证明标准不明确、认定标准不统一、例外规定适用规则不清晰三大适用困境，并从采取“高度盖然性”标准、设立无主观过错的典型标准、讨论主观过错条款例外规定的适用三方面入手提出针对性建议。
Administrative penalties play a crucial role in maintaining social order and promoting social development. The addition of the “subjective fault clause” in the revision of the “Administrative Penalty Law” in 2021 has sparked discussions. The debate on whether “subjective fault should be a constitutive element of administrative penalties” essentially hinges on determining the imputation principle adopted in China’s administrative penalties. Subsequently, judicial practice cases have been used to enrich the connotation of Article 33, the “subjective fault clause,” summarizing three application dilemmas: unclear proof standards, inconsistent criteria for determination, and ambiguous rules for applying exceptions. Targeted suggestions are proposed from three aspects: adopting the “high probability” standard, establishing typical standards for the absence of subjective fault, and discussing the application of exceptions under the subjective fault clause.