Research has established a significant association between primary snoring and hypertension, suggesting that primary snoring may be a potential risk factor for developing high blood pressure. This condition can adversely impact the cardiovascular system and metabolic processes, promote vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy, and either contribute to or exacerbate hypertension. Presently, comprehensive management strategies are primarily implemented for the treatment of both primary snoring and hypertension.
References
[1]
Huyett, P. (2023) What Is Snoring? JAMAOtolaryngology—Head&NeckSurgery, 149, 286. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2022.4615
[2]
Baisch, A., Maurer, J.T., Hörmann, K. and Stuck, B.A. (2008) Combined Radiofrequency Assisted Uvulopalatoplasty in the Treatment of Snoring. EuropeanArchivesofOto-Rhino-Laryngology, 266, 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-008-0709-6
[3]
Welt, S., Maurer, J.T., Hörmann, K. and Stuck, B.A. (2006) Radiofrequency Surgery of the Tongue Base in the Treatment of Snoring—A Pilot Study. SleepandBreathing, 11, 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-006-0080-z
[4]
Michael, H., Andreas, S., Thomas, B., Beatrice, H., Werner, H. and Holger, K. (2007) Analysed Snoring Sounds Correlate to Obstructive Sleep Disordered Breathing. EuropeanArchivesofOto-Rhino-Laryngology, 265, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-007-0408-8
[5]
Samimi, A.S., Dadgarnia, M.H., Baradaranfar, M.H., Mazidi, M., Rabbani, M., Behniafard, N., et al. (2013) Radiofrequency Uvulopalatoplasty for Primary Snoring. Acta Medica Iranica, 51, 530-536.
Lu, C., Lee, L., Lee, G. and Li, H. (2022) Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Auditory Dysfunction—Does Snoring Sound Play a Role? Diagnostics, 12, Article 2374. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102374
[8]
Samuelsson, L.B., Rangarajan, A.A., Shimada, K., Krafty, R.T., Buysse, D.J., Strollo, P.J., etal. (2016) Support Vector Machines for Automated Snoring Detection: Proof-of-Concept. SleepandBreathing, 21, 119-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-016-1373-5
[9]
Tsai, C., Liu, W., Hsu, W., Majumdar, A., Stettler, M., Lee, K., etal. (2023) Screening the Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea by Utilizing Supervised Learning Techniques Based on Anthropometric Features and Snoring Events. Digital Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076231152751
[10]
Yan, M., Hao, Q., Diao, S., Zhou, F., Yichen, C., Jiang, N., etal. (2023) Smart Home Sleep Respiratory Monitoring System Based on a Breath-Responsive Covalent Organic Framework. ACSNano, 18, 728-737. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c09018
[11]
Khazaie, H., Negahban, S., Ghadami, M.R., Sadeghi Bahmani, D., Holsboer-Trachsler, E. and Brand, S. (2018) Among Middle-Aged Adults, Snoring Predicted Hypertension Independently of Sleep Apnoea. JournalofInternationalMedicalResearch, 46, 1187-1196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060517738426
[12]
Kim, S.G., Cho, S. and Kim, J. (2022) Definition of the Snoring Episode Index Based on the Analyses of Snoring Parameters and the Apnea Hypopnea Index. ScientificReports, 12, Article No. 6761. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10934-1
[13]
Lee, H., Kim, H. and Lee, K. (2015) Nasal Pressure Recordings for Automatic Snoring Detection. Medical&BiologicalEngineering&Computing, 53, 1103-1111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-015-1388-2
[14]
Figueras-Alvarez, O., Cantó-Navés, O., Cabratosa-Termes, J., Roig-Cayón, M., Felipe-Spada, N. and Tomàs-Aliberas, J. (2020) Snoring Intensity Assessment with Three Different Smartphones Using the Snorelab Application in One Participant. JournalofClinicalSleepMedicine, 16, 1971-1974. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8676
[15]
Tiron, R., Lyon, G., Kilroy, H., Osman, A., Kelly, N., O’Mahony, N., etal. (2020) Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Novel Hybrid Acoustic Smartphone App Technology. JournalofThoracicDisease, 12, 4476-4495. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-20-804
[16]
Xiao, M., Tang, X., Zhang, F., Zhou, L., Bu, X., Liu, X., etal. (2020) Association between Self-Reported Snoring and Hypertension among Chinese Han Population Aged 30-79 in Chongqing, China. EnvironmentalHealthandPreventiveMedicine, 25, Article No. 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-020-00908-y
[17]
Zhang, H., Li, S., Chen, G., Abdulai, T., Liu, X., Wang, Y., etal. (2020) Ambient Air Pollutants Aggravate Association of Snoring with Prevalent Hypertension: Results from the Henan Rural Cohort. Chemosphere, 256, Article 127108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127108
[18]
Karakoc, O., Akcam, T., Gerek, M., Genc, H. and Ozgen, F. (2012) The Upper Airway Evaluation of Habitual Snorers and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. ORL, 74, 136-140. https://doi.org/10.1159/000337134
[19]
Akpinar, M.E., Çelikoyar, M.M., Altundag, A. and Kocak, I. (2010) The Comparison of Cephalometric Characteristics in Nonobese Obstructive Sleep Apnea Subjects and Primary Snorers Cephalometric Measures in Nonobese OSA and Primary Snorers. EuropeanArchivesofOto-Rhino-Laryngology, 268, 1053-1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-010-1448-z
[20]
Sforza, E., Bacon, W., Weiss, T., Thibault, A., Petiau, C. and Krieger, J. (2000) Upper Airway Collapsibility and Cephalometric Variables in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. AmericanJournalofRespiratoryandCriticalCareMedicine, 161, 347-352. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9810091
[21]
Berger, G., Berger, R. and Oksenberg, A. (2008) Progression of Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: The Role of Increasing Weight and Time. EuropeanRespiratoryJournal, 33, 338-345. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00075408
[22]
Bassiouny, A., Nasr, S., Mashaly, M., Ayad, E., Qotb, M. and Atef, A. (2008) Electron Microscopy Study of Peripheral Nerves in the Uvulae of Snorers and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Patients. TheJournalofLaryngology&Otology, 123, 203-207. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215108002971
[23]
Gates, G.J., Mateika, S.E. and Mateika, J.H. (2005) Heart Rate Variability in Non-Apneic Snorers and Controls before and after Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. BMCPulmonaryMedicine, 5, Article No. 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-5-9
[24]
Kwok, K.L., Ng, D.K.K. and Cheung, Y.F. (2003) BP and Arterial Distensibility in Children with Primary Snoring. Chest, 123, 1561-1566. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.123.5.1561
[25]
Kang, K., Weng, W., Chiu, S., Lee, P. and Hsu, W. (2022) Office Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children with Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. TheJournalofPediatrics, 246, 138-144.E2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.024
[26]
Pan, W., Xia, L., Liu, L., Gu, L., Xiang, M., Zhang, H., etal. (2022) Increased Diastolic Blood Pressure and Apnea Time Contribute to the Poor Apnea and Hypopnea Index and Life Quality of Primary Snoring: A Cohort Study Combined with External Validation. SleepandBiologicalRhythms, 20, 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-022-00402-8
[27]
Gates, G.J., Mateika, S.E., Basner, R.C. and Mateika, J.H. (2004) Baroreflex Sensitivity in Nonapneic Snorers and Control Subjects before and after Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. Chest, 126, 801-807. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.126.3.801
[28]
Ren, R., Covassin, N., Zhang, Y., Lei, F., Yang, L., Zhou, J., etal. (2020) Interaction between Slow Wave Sleep and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Prevalent Hypertension. Hypertension, 75, 516-523. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13720
[29]
Au, C.T., Chan, K.C., Chook, P., Wing, Y.K. and Li, A.M. (2021) Cardiovascular Risks of Children with Primary Snoring: A 5‐year Follow‐up Study. Respirology, 26, 796-803. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.14089
[30]
Deeb, R., Judge, P., Peterson, E., Lin, J.C. and Yaremchuk, K. (2014) Snoring and Carotid Artery Intima‐Media Thickness. TheLaryngoscope, 124, 1486-1491. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.24527
[31]
(2019) Abstracts of 28th Year Annual Meeting of Turkish Society of Neuroradiology with International Participation, Conrad Istanbul Bosphorus, Istanbul, Turkey, February 15-17, 2019. Neuroradiology, 61, 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-018-2143-9
[32]
Kim, J., Pack, A.I., Riegel, B.J., Chirinos, J.A., Hanlon, A., Lee, S.K., etal. (2016) Objective Snoring Time and Carotid Intima‐media Thickness in Non‐Apneic Female Snorers. JournalofSleepResearch, 26, 147-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12471
[33]
Lee, S.A., Amis, T.C., Byth, K., Larcos, G., Kairaitis, K., Robinson, T.D., et al. (2008) Heavy Snoring as a Cause of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis. Sleep, 31, 1207-1213.
[34]
Zou, J., Song, F., Xu, H., Fu, Y., Xia, Y., Qian, Y., etal. (2019) The Relationship between Simple Snoring and Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study. JournalofDiabetesResearch, 2019, Article 9578391. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9578391
[35]
Fletcher, E.C. (2003) Sympathetic over Activity in the Etiology of Hypertension of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep, 26, 15-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.1.15
[36]
Hjalmarsen, A., Aasebø, U., Birkeland, K., Sager, G. and Jorde, R. (1996) Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Patients with Chronic Hypoxic Pulmonary Disease. Diabetes&Metabolism, 22, 37-42.
[37]
Marshall, N.S., Wong, K.K.H., Cullen, S.R.J., Knuiman, M.W. and Grunstein, R.R. (2012) Snoring Is Not Associated with All-Cause Mortality, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, or Stroke in the Busselton Health Study. Sleep, 35, 1235-1240. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2076
[38]
Sarkis, L.M., Jones, A.C., Ng, A., Pantin, C., Appleton, S.L. and MacKay, S.G. (2023) Australasian Sleep Association Position Statement on Consensus and Evidence Based Treatment for Primary Snoring. Respirology, 28, 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.14443
