Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of a plasma cell clone invading the bone marrow, with secretion of a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig), detectable by serum protein electrophoresis. The aim of our work was to study the electrophoretic profile of patients with MM. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive and analytical study including 76 patients with MM, whose serum samples were received at the Biochemistry Department of the Dalal Jamm National Hospital during the period from January 1, 2021 to April 30, 2023. For each patient, we studied epidemiological data (age, sex, service) and biochemical variables (proteinemia, electrophoresis and serum protein immunofixation). Results: The mean age of our patients was 58 ± 10.24 years, with a sex ratio of 0.9, with a female predominance (52.6%). The majority of cohort (71.1%) were consulted as outpatients. Hyperproteinemia was observed in 27.6% of patients, with a mean average of 91.2 ± 25.2 g/L, while hypoalbuminemia was found in 43.4% of patients. A monoclonal peak was noted at the Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) in all patients in our series, 75% of whom were in the gamma zone and 22.4% in the beta zone. Immunofixation had objectified kappa-type IgG myeloma in the majority of patients (77.8%). Conclusion: Among the biological markers of MM, serum protein electrophoresis remains the most characteristic for detecting monoclonal immunoglobulin.
References
[1]
Chappard, D. (2015) Multiple Myeloma and Bone. Morphologie, 99, 29-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2015.04.001
[2]
Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R.L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., et al. (2021) Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71, 209-249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
[3]
Smith, D. and Yong, K. (2013) Multiple Myeloma. British Medical Journal, 346, f3863. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f3863
[4]
Dejoie, T., Lakomy, D., Caillon, H., Pegourié, B. and Decaux, O. (2016) IFM (Intergroupe Francophone Du Myélome) Recommendations for Uniform Interpretation of Serum and Urine Protein Electrophoresis in Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis and Follow-Up. Annales de biologie clinique, 74, 429-441. https://doi.org/10.1684/abc.2016.1166
[5]
Estepa, L. (2007) Protéines Totales. EMC—Biologie médicale, 2, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2211-9698(07)71367-5
[6]
Niang, E.H.D. (2021) Evaluation du protocole CTD en première ligne chez les malades suivis pour un myélome multiple. http://bibnum.ucad.sn/viewer.php?c=mmoires&d=memm%5f2022%5f0032
[7]
Bouatay, A., Hizem, S., Ben Youssef, Y., Sayari, F., Braham, N., Khélif, A., et al. (2013) Myélome Multiple: Aspect clinique, diagnostic biologique et pronostic. Immuno-analyse & Biologie Spécialisée, 28, 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immbio.2012.09.001
[8]
Kyle, R.A., Gertz, M.A., Witzig, T.E., Lust, J.A., Lacy, M.Q., Dispenzieri, A., et al. (2003) Review of 1027 Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 78, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.4065/78.1.21
[9]
Ndiaye, F.S.D., Pouye, A., Fall, S., Diallo, S., Ndongo, S., El Kacimi, S., et al. (2010) Présentation clinique du myélome multiple à Dakar (Sénégal): A propos de 71 observations. Journal Africain du Cancer, 3, 8-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12558-010-0126-9
[10]
Fall, S., Dieng, F., Diouf, C., Djiba, B., Ndao, A.C. and Diago, F.S. (2017) Profil diagnostique et évolutif du myélome multiple au Sénégal: Étude monocentrique de 2005 à 2016. Pan African Medical Journal, 27, Article 262. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.27.262.13164
[11]
Koffi, K.G., Sango, I., Trazo, D., Toure, A.H., Tolo, A., N’Guessan, K., et al. (2000) Caracteristiques du myelome multiple du noir africain. Experience de la cote d’ivoire. Médecine d’Afrique Noire, 47, Article No. 10.
[12]
El Husseiny, N.M., Kasem, N., El Azeeim, H.A. and Mattar, M.W. (2013) Multiple Myeloma: A Descriptive Study of 217 Egyptian Patients. Annals of Hematology, 93, 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-013-1849-3
[13]
El Ghali, B., Mohammed, O., Hicham, Y., Mustapha, A.A. and Chakour, M. (2021) Le myélome multiple: Les particularités diagnostiques, thérapeutiques et pronostiques de 123 cas colligés à l’Hôpital Militaire Avicenne de Marrakech. PAMJ Clinical Medicine, 5, Article 70. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj-cm.2021.5.70.20639
[14]
Manier, S. and Leleu, X. (2011) Myélome multiple: Diagnostic clinique et perspective de traitement. Recommandations de l’International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG). Immuno-Analyse & Biologie Spécialisée, 26, 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immbio.2011.04.001
[15]
Dammak, N., Chaabouni, Y., Agrebi, I., Kharrat, M., Kammoun, K., Hachicha, J., et al. (2018) Atteintes rénales associées aux gammapathies monoclonales. Néphrologie & Thérapeutique, 14, 350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nephro.2018.07.226
[16]
Zabsonré Tiendrebeogo, J., Ouédraogo, D.D., Bagbila, A.P., Bambara, H., Kafando, E., Kaboré, F., et al. (2014) Le myelome multiple à ouagadougou, burkina faso: A propos de 51 cas. Annales de l’université deParakou, Série science de la santé, 1, 27-29.
[17]
Younes, M., Hachfi, H., Hammouda, F., Younes, K., Hammouda, S.B., Jguirim, M., et al. (2014) Les facteurs pronostiques de survie au cours du myélome multiple. La tunisie medicale, 92, 399-405.
[18]
Association des collèges des enseignants d’immunologie des universités de langue, française (2023) Immunologie fondamentale et immunopathologie: Enseignements thématique et intégré tissu lymphoïde et sanguin, immunopathologie et immuno-intervention. Elsevier Masson. https://www.elsevier-masson.fr/immunologie-fondamentale-et-immunopathologie-9782294779947.html
[19]
Fall, S., Niang, E.H.D., Sarr, K., Camara-Tall, L.M., Ciss, M.M., Thiam, A., et al. (2024) Infection in Multiple Myeloma: Microbiological Profile and Prognosis in Senegalese Patients. Open Journal of Blood Diseases, 14, 47-58. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbd.2024.142006
[20]
Siegel, R.L., Miller, K.D., Fuchs, H.E. and Jemal, A. (2021) Cancer Statistics, 2021. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71, 7-33. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21654
