跨语言“主语”的性质及其与语义角色的关系研究
A Study on the Nature of Cross-Linguistic “Subject” and Its Relationship with Semantic Roles

本研究探讨了跨语言“主语”的性质及其与语义角色的关系。文章首先梳理了主语在不同理论模式中的定义和性质，并指出主语是一个句法层面的概念，应通过格和语序来判定，之后，文章还列举了部分代表性的映射理论。在此基础上，研究选取了7个不同语系的共10种语言样本，分析了跨语言主语对不同语义角色的偏好等级，并尝试对一些非典型现象进行解释。研究发现，核心论元在所有语言样本中都可以作为主语出现，而其他的论元在一定数量的语言样本中可以映射为主语。结果表明，跨语言主语对不同语义角色的偏好程度体现为：施事 > 致事 > 主事 > 经事 > 与事 > 受事 > 工具/对象 > 时间/处所/结果，语义透明度较高的语言通常允许更多数量的语义角色映射为主语，反之则反之，这个数量一般介于6~9之间。最后，文章总结了跨语言主语的普遍共性，并列举了部分影响映射关系的因素，包括动词语义、句法类型学特征、认知加工方式和语用因素等。
This study explores the nature of cross-linguistic “subject” and its relationship with semantic roles. Firstly, the article summarizes the definitions and properties of subjects in different theoretical models, and points out that subject is a syntactic concept, which should be determined by grammatical and constituent order, and then the article also lists some representative Mapping Theories. On this basis, the study selects a total of 10 language samples from seven different language families, analyzes the preference hierarchy of cross-linguistic subjects for different semantic roles, and tries to explain some atypical phenomena. It is found that core arguments can appear as subjects in all language samples, while other arguments can be mapped onto subjects in a certain number of language samples respectively. The results show that the preference hierarchy of cross-linguistic subjects for different semantic roles is reflected in the following: agent > causer > theme > experiencer > dative > patient > instrument/target > time/locative/result, and languages with higher semantic transparency usually allow a higher number of semantic roles to be mapped onto subjects, and vice versa, with this number generally ranging between 6 and 9. Finally, the article summarizes the general commonalities of cross-linguistic subjects and lists some of the factors affecting the mapping relationships, including verb semantics, linguistic typological features, cognitive processing, and pragmatic factors.