Introduction: Burkina Faso, a West African country, has also seen a resurgence in new cases of tuberculosis. It would be useful to have an overview of how prevalence and diagnostic methods have changed in recent years. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis in Burkina Faso over the past 10 years and to summarize the diagnostic methods used. Material and Methods: A review of studies published between 2014 and 2024 on the prevalence of tuberculosis in Burkina Faso and the diagnostic methods used were carried out using the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis” (PRISMA). Relevant publications were selected from the PubMed/Medline, Embase, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. Results: Most of the studies on the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Burkina Faso found in this review were generally hospital-based and included both child and adult populations. Prevalence rates ranged from 15% to 63.36%, with a calculated overall prevalence of 31.58% [(n = 348; 95% CI (26.86 - 36.30)] in the studies examined. The majority of authors used microscopy, which is the standard diagnostic method. Molecular techniques such as GeneXpert were associated with microscopy in over 70% of studies, compared with less than 30% for culture. Conclusion: At the end of this study, the number of reported cases fluctuated over the years. In terms of diagnostic methods, in the last 10 years, more specific molecular techniques have been introduced, along with the use of alternative samples to sputum for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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