Evolution and New Trends of International Trade Theory in the Digital Economy Era

Digital technology is profoundly altering the landscape of international trade. This study examines the evolution and new trends of international trade theory in the digital economy era. The research first reviews the development trajectory from comparative advantage theory to new trade theory, pointing out that traditional theories are insufficient in fully explaining digital trade phenomena. Subsequently, it analyzes the impact of the digital economy on international trade, including the reduction of transaction costs, the promotion of trade in services, and the reshaping of global value chains. The study finds that data flows, platform economies, and digital service trade have become new research foci, giving rise to a series of new theories. These theories emphasize the importance of data as a factor of production and the role of network effects in international competition. However, digital trade also brings new challenges, such as data privacy protection and the digital divide. In response to these challenges, the study proposes policy recommendations for building an inclusive digital trade system. Finally, it outlines future directions for international trade theory research, including frontier issues such as the impact of artificial intelligence on comparative advantage. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding and addressing the new patterns of international trade in the digital economy era.