从理论批判到实践哲学的批判性重构——基于马克思对于康德道德哲学的批判
Critical Reconstruction from Theoretical Criticism to Practical Philosophy—Based on Marx’s Critique of Kant’s Moral Philosophy

康德通过哲学式的“哥白尼革命”为重建形而上学开辟新路径，他强调纯粹理性在自然和自由中的作用。由于其先验主义基础与高度抽象性，未能与实践相结合，因而遭到马克思的批判。马克思从唯物史观出发批判其先验主义道德基础和“绝对命令”的抽象性与形式化。尽管康德的道德哲学在表述上可能显得抽象，但其形式化和抽象性为道德原则提供了普遍性和稳定性，这有助于确保道德的普适性，而这种普适性是其价值所在。
Kant opened up a new path for the reconstruction of metaphysics through the philosophical “Copernican Revolution”, emphasizing the role of pure reason in nature and freedom. Due to its transcendental foundation and high abstraction, it failed to integrate with practice and was therefore criticized by Marx. Marx criticized the abstractness and formalism of his transcendental moral foundation and “absolute command” from the perspective of historical materialism. Although Kant’s moral philosophy may appear abstract in expression, its formalization and abstraction provide universality and stability for moral principles, which helps ensure the universality of morality, which is where its value lies.