公司对外担保纠纷司法裁判的检视与思考——基于民、商法思维差异
Examination and Reflection on the Judicial Adjudication of External Guarantee Disputes of Companies—Based on the Differences in Thinking of Civil and Commercial Law

公司对外担保作为一个以“担保合同”为载体实现的三方法律关系，关于其的相关法律规定广泛分布于《公司法》《民法典》和《担保制度解释》中，二者自身价值追求的不同加上不同法院在不同法律思维下对法条及司法解释的理解差异，自然会导致公司对外担保纠纷案例中针对“效力认定路径”、“相对人审查义务标准要求”的实际审判结果大相庭径。有关部门应进一步健全完善公司对外担保制度规定，从商事思维出发，明晰《公司法》第15条的法律效力及应用边界，完善公司对外担保效力认定路径。关于民、商法针对相对人审查义务的标准要求、内容范围不一致的问题，也应当结合《九民纪要》及《担保制度解释》的规定，从司法现状及现实交易出发，统一审查标准，减少相关案例中“同案不同判”的问题，提高司法公信力。
As a tripartite legal relationship realized by the “guarantee contract”, the relevant legal provisions on the company’s external guarantee are widely distributed in the Company Law, the Civil Code and the Interpretation of the Guarantee System. The difference in their own value pursuits, coupled with the differences in the understanding of legal provisions and judicial interpretations by different courts under different legal thinking, will naturally lead to different actual trial results in the company’s disputes over external guarantees, regarding the “path of effectiveness determination” and the “standard requirements for the review obligations of the counterparties”. The relevant departments should further improve the provisions of the company’s external guarantee system, clarify the legal effect and application boundary of Article 15 of the Company Law from a commercial perspective, and improve the path for determining the effectiveness of the company’s external guarantee. With regard to the inconsistencies in the standard requirements and content scope of the civil and commercial laws for the counterparty’s review obligations, the provisions of the Minutes of the Ninth People’s Republic of China and the Interpretation of the Guarantee System should also be combined to unify the review standards based on the current judicial situation and actual transactions, so as to reduce the problem of “different judgments in the same case” in relevant cases, and improve judicial credibility.