论斯宾诺莎哲学中偶然性与必然性的悖论
A Discussion on the Paradox of Contingency and Necessity in Spinoza’s Philosophy

斯宾诺莎的哲学长久以来都被认为是封闭的决定论体系。在实体内部，神的必然性贯穿一切，偶然性只能作为人类经验到的错误认识而存在。但并非所有人都能够完成斯宾诺莎设想的认识序列而达至对必然性的认识，并且人类碍于自身的有限性，只能形式化地认识到神的必然性，不可能知道这种支配关系的内容。斯宾诺莎哲学的悖论就在于，他需要消除人与神之间的隔阂，但又需要借用人类的有限性来反衬神的完满。因此，斯宾诺莎在尝试彻底摒弃偶然性的同时，却不可避免地让偶然性在有限者的层面持续发挥效果。
Spinoza’s philosophy has long been regarded as a closed deterministic system. Within the substance, the necessity of God permeates everything, while contingency exists only as a misguided perception experienced by humans. However, not everyone is capable of completing the cognitive sequence envisioned by Spinoza to achieve an understanding of necessity. Moreover, constrained by their own finitude, humans can only formally recognize the necessity of God without comprehending the content of this dominant relationship. The paradox of Spinoza’s philosophy lies in the fact that while he seeks to bridge the gap between humans and God, he also relies on human finitude to underscore the perfection of God. Consequently, despite attempting to completely eliminate contingency, Spinoza inevitably allows contingency to persist and exert its influence at the level of finite beings.