阿甘本的例外状态对霍布斯自然状态的超越
Agamben’s State of Exception and the Transcendence of Hobbes’ State of Nature

霍布斯对自然状态的论述构成了西方现代政治的开端，他认为自然状态是主权得以建立的前提，这是契约论的基本逻辑。阿甘本在霍布斯自然状态的基础上，从福柯、施米特等哲人的理论汲取养分，通过对现代政治中主权权力运作的批判，揭示了一种新的权力行使方式——通过宣布例外状态来暂时超越法律框架，这种状态下，个体会失去法律保护，变成“赤裸生命”，面临被主权者和其他公民任意处置的风险。主权是例外状态得以生成的前提，例外状态反过来又能定义主权并巩固主权者的权力，从主权与例外状态的这一拓扑关系中，阿甘本实现了对于霍布斯自然状态的超越。
Hobbes’ discussion of the state of nature marks the beginning of modern Western politics. He believes that the state of nature is the premise for the establishment of sovereignty, which is the basic logic of contract theory. Building on Hobbes’ state of nature, Agamben draws nutrients from the theories of philosophers such as Foucault and Schmitt. Through his critique of the operation of sovereign power in modern politics, he reveals a new mode of power exercise—temporarily transcending the legal framework by declaring a state of exception. In such a state, individuals lose legal protection, become “bare life”, and face the risk of being arbitrarily disposed of by the sovereign and other citizens. Sovereignty is the premise for the generation of the state of exception, which in turn can define sovereignty and consolidate the power of the sovereign. From the topological relationship between sovereignty and the state of exception, Agamben achieves a transcendence of Hobbes’ state of nature.