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气质性乐观促进心理健康的机制
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Abstract:
气质性乐观被定义为一种普遍的期望，认为在一个人的生活中会有好事而不是坏事发生。目前很多研究结果证明气质性乐观对心理健康存在积极影响。通过对现有研究梳理，发现其促进心理健康主要通过四种主要机制实现：第一，直接的行为机制，即乐观个体通常从事对健康有益的行为避免损害健康的行为。当引发压力的事件发生，在压力源可控时乐观个体注重问题解决，当压力源不可控时乐观个体注重消极情绪的缓解；第二，良好的人际关系网络和社会支持，即相比于悲观个体乐观个体有更广泛的人际关系网络和更高水平的社会支持；第三，认知过程，即乐观个体对自己和客观世界保持积极的信念。遇到消极事件时，乐观个体使用认知重评等策略来看待这些事件；第四，良好的情绪机制，即乐观个体本身体验到更多积极情绪使其免受消极情绪困扰，在情绪管理上，进行更多的情绪表露和更少的情绪抑制来维护心理健康。
Dispositional optimism is defined as a universal expectation that good things will happen in a person’s life rather than bad things. Currently, many research results have shown that dispositional optimism has a positive effect on mental health. It was found that promoting mental health is mainly achieved through four main mechanisms. Firstly, the direct behavioral mechanism, that is, optimistic individuals usually engage in behaviors that are beneficial to their health and avoid behaviors that harm their health. When a stressful event occurs, optimistic individuals focus on problem-solving when the source of stress is controllable, and on alleviating negative emotions when the source of stress is uncontrollable. Secondly, a good network of interpersonal relationships and social support, that is, compared to pessimistic individuals, optimistic individuals have a broader network of interpersonal relationships and higher levels of social support. Thirdly, cognitive processes, that is, optimistic individuals maintain positive beliefs about themselves and the objective world. When encountering negative events, optimistic individuals use cognitive reappraisal and other strategies to rationally view such events. Fourth, a positive emotional mechanism, that is, optimistic individuals themselves experience more positive emotions to avoid being troubled by negative emotions. In emotional management, optimistic individuals engage in more emotional expression and less emotional suppression to maintain their mental health.
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