物理学的终极目标还有多远——强作用力与电磁力的统一
How Far Is the Ultimate Goal of Physics—Unification of the Strong Force with the Electromagnetic Force

本文中，中国的刘云小组通过改进狄拉克相对论波动方程，给出了一个可以精确计算粒子各量子态质量的公式，进而对重夸克偶素质量谱进行了细致的研究，计算出了夸克偶素各量子态内部强作用力的系数，寻找到了强作用力随距离变化的规律。经过研究和对比，最终证明在重夸克偶素J/ψ粒子和Υ粒子中，夸克之间的强作用力规律完全符合电荷力的相对论效应的总叠加，从而证明强作用力与电磁力是统一的。刘云小组的研究结果还表明，夸克并不是点粒子，具有半径和自旋速率，电荷数很可能也是整数，夸克偶素的壳层结构也并不是从基层排布。
In this article, Yun Liu’s group in China gave a formula that can accurately calculate the mass of each quantum state of a particle by improving the Dirac relativistic wave equation, and then carried out a careful study of the mass spectrum of heavy quarkonium, calculated the internal coefficient of the strong force in each quantum state of quarkonium, and found the law of the change of the strong force with distance. After study and comparison, it is proved that the law of the strong force between the heavy quarkonium J/ψ particle and the Υ particle completely accords with the total superposition of the relativistic effect of the charge force, which shows that the strong force and the electromagnetic force are unified. The results of Yun Liu’s group also show that quarks are not point particles, have radii and spin rates, the charge number is probably an integer, and the shell structure of the heavy quarkonium is not arranged from the base.