高度自动驾驶机动车交通事故侵权责任研究
Research on Traffic Accident Tort Liability of Highly Automated Vehicles

在高度自动驾驶机动车道路交通事故侵权问题上，因驾驶人向乘客身份的角色转变，自动驾驶机动车兼具智能化技术属性与产品属性，现阶段应遵循“机动车交通事故责任 + 产品责任”的归责路径。自动驾驶系统的驾驶人的驾驶义务因自动驾驶技术的运用而有所变化，表现为自动驾驶系统开启前的检查维护义务和自动驾驶系统开启后的接管义务。违反此等义务导致交通事故损害的，其承担不作为侵权的过错推定责任。因自动驾驶系统和自动驾驶机动车制造、设计、警示和跟踪观察缺陷导致交通事故损害的，自动驾驶系统与自动驾驶机动车的生产者承担产品责任。但自动驾驶机动车以及自动驾驶系统属于特殊的人工智能产品，其产品缺陷的认定规则、因果关系举证规则以及免责事由均与传统产品责任规则不同。处理道路交通事故侵权问题，需要区分自动驾驶机动车的运行状态，进而认定驾驶人的义务，确定侵权责任形态。
In the highly automated driving motor vehicle road traffic accident infringement issues, due to the role of the driver to the identity of the passenger change, the automated driving motor vehicle both intelligent technology attributes and product attributes, at this stage we should follow the “motor vehicle traffic accident liability + product liability” path of attribution of responsibility. The driving obligation of the driver of the automatic driving system changes due to the use of automatic driving technology, which is manifested in the obligation to check and maintain the automatic driving system before it is turned on and the obligation to take over the automatic driving system after it is turned on. If the violation of these obligations leads to damage in a traffic accident, he or she is liable for the presumption of fault as a tort of omission. The producer of the automatic driving system and the automatic driving vehicle shall be liable for product liability if the damage is caused by defects in the manufacturing, design, warning and tracking observation of the automatic driving system and the automatic driving vehicle. However, automatic driving motor vehicle and automatic driving system belongs to special artificial intelligence products, its product defect identification rules, causality rules of evidence and exemptions are different from the traditional product liability rules. To deal with the infringement of road traffic accidents, it is necessary to differentiate the operating status of the self-driving motor vehicle, and then determine the obligations of the driver and the form of tort liability.