心理咨询师执业中的法律责任与风险防范——基于《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》的视角
Legal Responsibilities and Risk Prevention in the Practice of Psychological Counselors—From the Perspective of the Mental Health Law of the People’s Republic of China

随着社会对心理健康重视程度的提高，心理咨询师的角色和责任也日益受到关注。文章旨在探讨心理咨询师在执业过程中面临的法律责任和风险，并基于《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》的视角提出相应的防范措施。文章对心理咨询师的法律定位和职责进行了阐述，并分析了心理咨询师在未成年人心理咨询、高校心理咨询以及社会化执业过程中可能面临的合同无效、未成年来访受侵害，危机处理、强制送医，超范围治疗执业、保密协议履行等各种法律风险。提出了在未成年人咨询中要取得同意或追认并签署知情同意书、就未成年来访遭受伤害主动向公安机关报告，在高校咨询面对危机干预需进行保密原则的突破、面对需强制送医的情形时要与家长取得联系或报警处理，在社会私人执业中要避免诊断性描述或治疗方案、督导取得当事人同意、案例使用隐藏可识别信息等一系列风险防范措施和建议，为心理咨询师的执业安全和职业发展提供参考。
With the increasing emphasis society places on mental health, the role and responsibilities of psychological counselors are attracting more attention. The purpose of this article is to explore the legal liabilities and risks that psychological counselors face during their practice, and to propose corresponding preventive measures based on the perspective of the Mental Health Law of the People’s Republic of China. The article elaborates on the legal positioning and duties of psychological counselors and analyzes various legal risks they may encounter during psychological counseling for minors, in university counseling settings, and during socialized practice, such as invalid contracts, harm to minor clients, crisis management, mandatory hospitalization, overstepping treatment boundaries, and the fulfillment of confidentiality agreements. It puts forward a series of risk prevention measures and recommendations, including obtaining consent or ratification and signing informed consent forms in minor counseling, proactively reporting to public security authorities when minor clients are harmed, breaking confidentiality principles in crisis intervention in university settings, contacting parents or reporting to the police in cases requiring mandatory hospitalization, and avoiding diagnostic descriptions or treatment plans in private practice, obtaining consent from clients for supervision, and using cases with hidden identifiable information. These measures and suggestions aim to provide a reference for the practice safety and professional development of psychological counselors.