临终关怀的伦理反思
Ethical Reflection on Hospice Care

随着人们观念的不断更新、进步，面对死亡，人们不再恐惧，而是更加重视它，因而人们对生活质量和价值也有了更高的要求，在这种要求下，临终关怀引发了人们越来越多的重视。临终关怀作为提高人的生命质量和维护生命尊严的道德实践，受中国传统儒家伦理思想及西方宗教和人道主义精神传统的影响，人们将临终关怀视为一种义务，始终带着道德情感来照护病患。但从理论上来说，将临终关怀视为一种义务有着不可忽视的缺陷，引发了相关争论，特别是对于临终关怀的主体，究竟是临终病患还是临终关怀的施与者？是争论的最大焦点。临终病患作为主体，有一种尊重死亡尊严的需求，尊严作为一项权利，病患的死亡尊严也必须得到尊重，那么对临终病患进行临终关怀就出自病患的内在权利要求。因此，要保障病患的临终关怀主体性权利，需落实到实践上，通过法律上的认同，推动立法的建立，来保障临终病患的死亡权利，实现生命权的根本要求。
With the continuous renewal and progress of people’s ideas, facing death, people no longer fear, but pay more attention to it, so people have higher requirements on the quality and value of life. Under this requirement, hospice care has aroused more and more attention of people. Hospice care is a moral practice to improve the quality of life and maintain the dignity of life. Influenced by traditional Chinese Confucian ethics and western religious and humanitarian traditions, people regard hospice care as an obligation and always take care of patients with moral feelings. However, in theory, there are some defects in treating hospice care as an obligation, which arouse relevant debates, especially for the subject of hospice care, whether it is the dying patient or the provider of hospice care. Is the biggest bone of contention. Dignity is a right, and the dignity of death must also be respected. Therefore, hospice care for the dying patients comes from the inherent right of the patients. Therefore, in order to protect the patient’s hospice care subjectivity right, it is necessary to put it into practice, to protect the dying patient’s right to die and to realize the fundamental requirement of the right to life through legal recognition and promoting the establishment of legislation.