“从传统到现代”：浅析乡村养老模式的演变
From Tradition to Modernity: An In-Depth Analysis of the Evolution of the Rural Pension Model in China

农村人口老龄化问题是中国乡村社会现代化面临的重大挑战。乡村传统文化秩序重构和现代社会变迁的现实，成为农村社区养老模式发生阶段性演变的诱因。随着现代化的渗透，乡村社会内部逐渐出现传统宗亲体系崩离、熟人社会向半熟人社会转变、青年劳动力向外流动转移、传统赡养观念弱化的现象，而由此产生的乡村社区老龄化加剧的压力，迫使乡村家庭做出新的社会选择。为此，乡村养老模式由传统型的“子女供养”和“义务赡养”转变为现代型的“社会助养”和“居家自养”。文章以探索我国乡村家庭养老模式的演变规律，通过梳理传统文化秩序和现代社会变迁内在联系和存在逻辑，认为我国乡村新型养老模式是“传统和现代融合”的多元型、多主体参与的养老，“居家自养”和“村社养老”要扎根地方现实，国家应确保下放资源支持不离乡的养老政策意见，从而实现乡村养老模式在社会变迁中的转变和存续。
The aging of the rural population is a major challenge facing the modernization of rural society in China. The reconstruction of rural traditional cultural order and the reality of modern social changes have become the incentive for the phased evolution of the rural community pension model. With the penetration of modernization, the phenomena of the disintegration of the traditional clan system, the transformation of acquaintance society to semi-acquaintance society, the outward mobility and transfer of the youth labor force, and the weakening of the traditional concept of support gradually appear in rural society. The resulting pressure of aging in rural communities has intensified, forcing rural families to make new social choices. Therefore, the mode of rural old-age pension has changed from the traditional “children support” and “compulsory support” to the modern “social support” and “home self-support”. By exploring the evolution law of China’s rural family pension model, and combing the internal connection and existence logic between traditional cultural order and modern social changes, the paper holds that China’s new rural pension model is a multi-type and multi-subject participation pension with the integration of “tradition and modernity”, and “home self-support” and “village community pension” should take root in local reality. The state should ensure that the resources are devolved to support the policy opinions of the elderly who do not leave their hometown, so as to realize the transformation and survival of the rural elderly care model in the social change.