The development of new technologies in smart cities is often hailed as it becomes a necessity to solve many problems like energy consumption and transportation. Wireless networks are part of these technologies but implementation of several antennas, using different frequency bandwidths for many applications might introduce a negative effect on human health security. In wireless networks, most antennas generate sidelobes SSL. SSL causes interference and can be an additional resource for RF power that can affect human being health. This paper aims to study algorithms that can reduce SSL. The study concerns typical uniform linear antenna arrays. Different optimum side lobe level reduction algorithms are presented. Genetic algorithm GA, Chebyshev, and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm are used in the optimization process. A comparative study between the indicated algorithms in terms of stability, precision, and running time is shown. Results show that using these algorithms in optimizing antenna parameters can reduce SSL. A comparison of these algorithms is carried out and results show the difference between them in terms of running time and SSL reduction Level.
References
[1]
World Health Organization (2024) Specific Absorption Rate. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/specific-absorption-rate-(sar)-(w-kg)
[2]
European Regulations (1999) 1999/519/EC: Council Recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the Limitation of Exposure of the General Public to Electromagnetic Fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz).
[3]
Denden, M., Jemmali, M., Boulila, W., Soni, M., Khan, F. and Ahmad, J. (2024) Clustering-Based Resource Management for Consumer Cost Optimization in IoT Edge Computing Environments. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3414929
[4]
Laufs, J., Borrion, H. and Bradford, B. (2020) Security and the Smart City: A Systematic Review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 55, Article 102023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102023
[5]
Eljack, S., Jemmali, M., Denden, M., Turki, S., Khedr, W.M., Algashami, A.M., et al. (2023) A Secure Solution Based on Load-Balancing Algorithms between Regions in the Cloud Environment. PeerJ Computer Science, 9, e1513. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1513
[6]
Jemmali, M., Denden, M., Boulila, W., Srivastava, G., Jhaveri, R.H. and Gadekallu, T.R. (2022) A Novel Model Based on Window-Pass Preferences for Data Emergency Aware Scheduling in Computer Networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 18, 7880-7888. https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2022.3149896
[7]
Kurdi, M.H., Denden, M. and Paul, D. (2024) A Study on the Challenges of Human-Centric Cyber-Security and the Guarantee of Information Quality. Journal of Information Security, 15, 218-231. https://doi.org/10.4236/jis.2024.152013
[8]
Jayarama, K. and Chen, C.H. (2024) Enhanced Wideband Frequency Estimation via FFT: Leveraging Polynomial Interpolation and Array Indexing. Journal of Computer and Communications, 12, 35-48. https://doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2024.121003
[9]
Mohsen, D., Ghannay, N. and Samet, A. (2009) A Half Hollow Cylindrical Antenna (HHCA) Analysis Using the CFDTD Algorithm. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, 11, 51-60. https://doi.org/10.2528/pierc09090804
[10]
Romdhani, F., Denden, M. and Samet, A. (2009) A Printed Reconfigurable Antenna for Communication System. 2009 Mediterrannean Microwave Symposium (MMS), Tangiers, 15-17 November 2009, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1109/mms.2009.5409789
Al-Zoubi, A.S., Amaireh, A.A. and Dib, N.I. (2022) Comparative and Comprehensive Study of Linear Antenna Arrays’ Synthesis. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 12, 2645-2654. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2645-2654
[13]
Liang, Q., Chen, B., Wu, H., Ma, C. and Li, S. (2021) A Novel Modified Sparrow Search Algorithm with Application in Side Lobe Level Reduction of Linear Antenna Array. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2021, Article 9915420. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9915420
[14]
Song, Q., Lei, S., Chen, M., Tian, J., Yang, W. and Sun, K. (2024) Peak Sidelobe Level Suppression via Reconfigurable Element Pattern Selection for Beam Scanning Linear Array Antenna. Digital Signal Processing, 145, Article 104333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2023.104333
[15]
Khalili, H., Mohammadpour-Aghdam, K. and Alamdar, S. (2024) Sidelobe Level Reduction in Pattern Synthesis of a Non-Uniform Series-Fed Microstrip Antenna Array Using the TLBO Algorithm. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 176, Article 155143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155143
[16]
Amer, S.M., Khalaf, A.A.M., Hussein, A.H., Alqahtani, S.A., Dahshan, M.H. and Kassem, H.M. (2024) New Antenna Array Beamforming Techniques Based on Hybrid Convolution/Genetic Algorithm for 5G and Beyond Communications. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, 138, 2749-2767. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2023.029138
[17]
Li, W., Zhang, Y. and Shi, X. (2019) Advanced Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm and Its Application to Irregular Subarray Phased Array Antenna Synthesis. IEEE Access, 7, 165583-165596. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953544
[18]
Federico, G., Caratelli, D., Theis, G. and Smolders, A.B. (2021) A Review of Antenna Array Technologies for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Communications at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2021, Article 5559765. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5559765
[19]
Zardi, F., Nayeri, P., Rocca, P. and Haupt, R. (2021) Artificial Intelligence for Adaptive and Reconfigurable Antenna Arrays: A Review. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 63, 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1109/map.2020.3036097
[20]
Zhang, J., Ge, X., Li, Q., Guizani, M. and Zhang, Y. (2017) 5G Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array: Design and Challenges. IEEE Wireless Communications, 24, 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2016.1400374rp
[21]
Guo, Y.J., Ansari, M. and Fonseca, N.J.G. (2021) Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks. IEEE Journal of Microwaves, 1, 704-722. https://doi.org/10.1109/jmw.2021.3072873
[22]
Xu, Q., Zeng, S., Zhao, F., Jiao, R. and Li, C. (2021) On Formulating and Designing Antenna Arrays by Evolutionary Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 69, 1118-1129. https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2020.3016181
[23]
Durmus, A., Kurban, R. and Karakose, E. (2021) A Comparison of Swarm-Based Optimization Algorithms in Linear Antenna Array Synthesis. Journal of Computational Electronics, 20, 1520-1531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-021-01711-w
[24]
Guerra, A., Guidi, F., Dardari, D. and Djuric, P. (2021) Near-Field Tracking with Large Antenna Arrays: Fundamental Limits and Practical Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 69, 5723-5738. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2021.3101696
[25]
Nabil, G., Mohsen, D., Faouzi, R. and Abdelaziz, S. (2008) A Novel Technique for Calculating Moment Method Impedance Matrix. IEEE Mediterranean Microwave Symposium 2008, Damascus, 14-16 October 2008, 77-80.
[26]
Mohamed, H., Fethi, C., Mohsen, D., Tan Hoa, V. and Jacques, D. (2011) A Novel Compact Ultra-Wideband Rectangular Shaped Antenna. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Marrakesh, 20-23 March 2011, 381-385.
[27]
Alnasser, N., Alabssi, R., Faran, B., Alessa, L. and Nagy, N. (2024) The Implementation of Ray Tracing Algorithm with Openmp Parallelization. Journal of Computer and Communications, 12, 120-130. https://doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2024.121008
[28]
Alkhalifah, A. and Denden, M. (2023) Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 on the Morale of Deaf and Hearing-Impaired Students in Saudi Arabia Technical Colleges: Lessons Learned and Future Implications. Journal for Educators, Teachers and Trainers, 14, 420-428.
[29]
Denden, M. and Alkhalifah, A. (2023) Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on the Psychology of Saudi Technical College Students: Lessons and Tips. Creative Education, 14, 518-529. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2023.143036
[30]
Balanis, C.A. (2016) Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. John Wiley & Sons.
[31]
Mitchell, J. (1998) Introduction to Melanie Klein. In: Phillips, J. and Stonebridge, L., Eds., Reading Melanie Klein, Routledge, 11-31. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203360538-1
[32]
Freitas, D., Lopes, L.G. and Morgado-Dias, F. (2020) Particle Swarm Optimisation: A Historical Review up to the Current Developments. Entropy, 22, Article 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22030362
[33]
Rivlin, T.J. (2020) Chebyshev Polynomials: From Approximation Theory to Algebra and Number Theory. Dover Publications.
