基于不同社会主体视域下的孟子义利观新探
A New Exploration of Mencius’Concept of Justice and Benefit Based on Different Social Subject Perspectives

义利观的问题早在先秦儒家便已开始讨论，并随着时代的变迁而不断被阐发出新的智慧，故义利观是谓中华优秀传统文化的重要组成部分和理论精髓。孔子基于春秋战国时期社会动乱的残酷现实而开启对“义”与“利”关系的思考，并深刻影响儒家后人对这一问题的进一步探讨。作为儒家思想的传人，孟子继承与发展孔子义利观的有益部分，其通过对不同社会主体的分析，以此得出适用于各类主体稳定发展的价值观层面上的结论，这也促使孟子形成颇具实用色彩的义利观。在孟子看来，作为施政主体的君王，不仅需要“以仁治国，先义后利”，还应当“以民为本，先利后义”；作为普通个体的百姓，则应该“以义制利”，在必要的时候选择“舍生取义”以实现自身的价值。纵观当今社会，“看客心态”、盲目逐利等现象层出不穷，而孟子的义利观可以依据现代社会的需要而被辩证地汲取与采纳，这对于解决当代的社会弊病，提高大众的道德素养都具有重要的借鉴意义。
The issue of the concept of justice and benefit has been discussed as early as the Pre-Qin Confucianism, and with the changes of the times, new wisdom has been elaborated constantly. Therefore, the concept of justice and benefit is an important part and theoretical essence of the excellent traditional Chinese culture. Based on the cruel reality of social unrest in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, Confucius started to think about the relationship between “justice” and “profit”, and deeply influenced the further discussion of this issue by the Confucian descendants. As the inheritor of Confucianism, Mencius inherited and developed the beneficial part of Confucius’ concept of justice and benefit. Through the analysis of different social subjects, Mencius drew conclusions on the value level suitable for the stable development of various subjects, which also prompted Mencius to form a rather practical concept of justice and benefit. In Mencius’s view, as the main body of government, the king should not only “govern the country with benevolence, first righteousness and then benefit”, but also “take the people as the foundation, first benefit and then justice”. As ordinary individuals, the common people should “make profit with justice” and choose “sacrifice life for justice” when necessary to realize their own value. Throughout today’s society, there are many phenomena such as “spectator mentality” and blind pursuit of profit, and Mencius’ concept of justice and profit can be dialectically absorbed and adopted according to the needs of modern society, which has important reference significance for solving the contemporary social ills and improving the moral quality of the public.