论生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿的“故意”要件
On the “Dolus” Element in the Punitive Damages for Ecological and Environmental Tort

我国《民法典》第1232条规定了生态环境侵权的惩罚性赔偿制度，明确将“故意”作为主观要件的内容。由于条文原则化、抽象化等原因，本制度的主观要件“故意”存在法律释义边界和要素两大问题，影响实务中的法律适用，进而影响惩罚性赔偿金数量的量定因素。通过司法解释及其法理内涵对制度主观要件的规范性分析，明细“故意”要件的应然法律涵义，引入概括故意而弥合“故意”的判断标准，限定“故意”含义范围为直接故意与间接故意且排除重大过失，要求侵权行为人对违法性行为和因果关系的明知，并包含推定知道但排除应当知道，实现对“故意”要件释义问题的完善，强化本制度的统一性与可适用性，从规范体系上优化生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿的法律效果。
Article 1232 of China’s Civil Code stipulates a punitive compensation system for ecological environment infringement, explicitly including the element of “dolus” as a subjective criterion. However, due to reasons such as generalization and abstraction, the subjective criterion of “dolus” in this system faces two problems of legal interpretation boundaries and elements, affecting the application of law in practice and consequently affecting the factors determining the amount of punitive compensation. By conducting a normative analysis of the subjective criteria of the system through judicial interpretations and their inherent legal implications, we can clarify the normative legal connotation of the “dolus” element, introduce the concept of generalized intent to bridge the standard for judging “dolus”, limit the scope of “dolus” to direct intent and indirect intent and exclude gross negligence, requiring the infringer to have knowledge of the illegal nature of the act and the causal relationship, including inferred knowledge but excluding should-knowledge, thus perfecting the interpretation of the “dolus” element and achieving uniformity and applicability of the system, optimizing the legal effects of ecological environment infringement punitive compensation from the perspective of normative systems.