马克思主义视阈下对马尔库塞“异化消费”的审视
Examining Marcuse’s “Alienated Consumption” in a Marxist Perspective

作为法兰克福学派代表人物之一，马尔库塞密切关注资本主义社会发展现状，在马克思异化劳动理论启示下，于《单向度的人：发达工业社会意识形态研究》著作中，他揭示了发达工业社会由于科技进步导致的消费畸形问题，并由此在政治、思想文化以及生态领域造成的“单向度”危害，形成了“异化消费”理论。该理论一方面拓展了马克思主义异化理论的研究视野，也响应了马克思的人本主义精神，但由于其未能真正揭示异化消费问题产生的制度根源、对科技持过度批判的态度，又具有历史局限性。今天我们应当辩证审视马尔库塞“异化消费”理论，既看到其理论局限，也要看到它对于破解中国当下消费问题的指导意义，从科技、媒介、消费主体三个维度出发探索应对策略，推动我国消费有序健康发展。
As one of the representative figures of the Frankfurt School, Marcuse paid close attention to the development of capitalist society, and inspired by Marx’s theory of alienated labor, he revealed in his work One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society the problem of aberrant consumption in developed industrial societies due to the technological progress, and the harms of “one-dimensionality” in the fields of politics, ideology and culture, as well as in the field of ecology, and formed the theory of “alienated consumption”. On the one hand, this theory expands the research horizons of Marxist alienation theory and responds to the humanistic spirit of Marx, but it has historical limitations because it fails to truly reveal the systemic root causes of the problem of alienated consumption, and holds an overly critical attitude toward science and technology. Today, we should examine Marcuse’s theory of “alienated consumption” dialectically, not only to see its theoretical limitations, but also to see its significance as a guide to solving the current consumption problems in China, and to explore coping strategies from the three dimensions of science and technology, media, and consumer subjects, so as to promote the orderly and healthy development of the consumption in China.