意象图式识解理论视阈下武都方言“着”的语义演变历史
The Semantic Evolution of “Zhe” in Wudu Dialect from the Perspective of Image Schema Construal Theory

“着”是甘肃武都方言中语义负担很重的一个多功能语法形式。根据方言的自然口语语料，我们总结出使用义动词、派遣义动词、容让义使役动词、必要道义情态动词、处所介词、被动标记、持续体标记、进行体标记、方式助词、先时助词、语气助词共计十一种用法及相应的义素特征。在此基础上，我们结合了汉语历史文献进行语义分析，初步构拟出一套“着”语义演变链条。随后，针对此链条中存在的成分残缺、动因不明等问题，我们结合意象图式理论、识解理论等认知语义学的成果，认为“着”的意象图式应属于力的图式、路径图式和接触图式整合而成的复合图式，而“着”语义的分化应该归因于观察者识解的视角与动态性的差异。识解的差异导致在不同观察时间内突显了意象图式的不同部分，进而影响着语义分化的方向与结果。最终，我们认为“附着义”应是武都方言“着”语义分化的源头，并更完善地构拟了武都方言“着”语义演变的三种主要链条：“附着义 > 使用义 > 派遣义 > 容让义 > 必要类道义情态动词”；“附着义 > 使用义 > 处所介词 > 持续体标记 > 进行体标记 > 先时助词 > 语气助词”；“附着义 > 遭受义 > 被动标记”。
“Zhe” is a multifunctional grammatical form with a heavy semantic burden in the Wudu dialect of Gansu. According to the natural spoken language materials of the dialect, we summarize ten usages and corresponding semantic features of semantic verbs, dispatched semantic verbs, concessional causative verbs, necessary deontic modal verb, locative prepositions, passive markers, continuous aspect markers, progressive aspect markers, way particles, antecedent particles, and mood particles. On this basis, we combined Chinese historical literature for semantic analysis and preliminarily constructed a set of semantic evolution chains of “Zhe”. Subsequently, in response to the problems of incomplete components and unclear motivations in this chain, we combined the achievements of cognitive semantics such as image schema theory and cognitive construal theory to believe that the image schema of “Zhe” should belong to a composite schema formed by the integration of force schema, path schema, and contact schema, and the differentiation of “Zhe” semantics should be attributed to the differences in the observer's perspective and dynamics of cognitive construal. The difference in understanding leads to the highlighting of different parts of the image schema at different observation times, which in turn affects the direction and results of semantic differentiation. Finally, we believe that “attachment” should be the source of the semantic differentiation of “Zhe” in Wudu dialect, and more perfectly construct the three main chains of the semantic evolution of “Zhe” in Wudu dialect: “Attachment > Usage > Dispatch >Accommodation> Necessary moral modal verb”; “Attachment > Usage > Place preposition > Continuous aspect marker > Progressive aspect marker > Precedent particle > Mood particle”; “Attachment > Suffering meaning > Passive marking”.