情感评价构式“被(NP)X到”的探究
A Probe into the Construction of Emotional Evaluation “被(NP) X到”

现代汉语中有被动形式“被(NP) X₁到”，原本“被(NP) X₁到”更侧重表被动，是典型的被动结构。伴随该格式的广泛运用，发展出了一种新构式“被(NP) X₂到”，该构式整体结构与原形式保持一致，但在语义表达上存在差异，“被(NP) X₂到”更侧重表达主体对触发物NP的主观感受、评价。在句法结构上，该构式X成分可以由动词性词语、形容词性词语、名词性词语等多种成分充当，且该构式的主体和触发物NP具有一定程度的灵活性。在语义表达上，该构式主要表达说话人主观认为某些人物或事物由于受到干扰与影响进而达到或形成了一种特定的情状。由于常项“到”虚化为表行为状态域的结果终点，进一步强化了刺激反馈的感情色彩，使该构式表达出强烈的主体感受、评价意味，且进入该构式的变项X必须具有[+情感评价]类语义特征。该构式的形成离不开语法结构的重新分析与方言格式的渗透，并通过类推和“语言模因”等手段进一步发展传播。
In modern Chinese, there is a passive form “被(NP) X₁到”, and the original “被(NP) X₁到” is a typical passive structure. With the wide application of this format, a new construction “被(NP) X₂到” has been developed. The overall structure of this construction is consistent with the original form, but there are differences in semantic expression. “被(NP) X₂到” focuses more on expressing the subjective feelings and evaluation of the trigger NP. Syntactically, the X component of this construction can be composed of verb words, adjective words, noun words and other components, and the subject and trigger NP of this construction have some flexibility. In semantic expression, this construction mainly expresses the speaker’s subjective belief that some people or things have reached or formed a specific situation due to interference and influence. Because the constant term “到” becomes the final destination of the behavior state domain, the emotional color of the stimulus feedback is further strengthened, which makes the construction express strong subjective feeling and evaluation meaning, and the variable X entering the construction must have the semantic characteristics of [+emotional evaluation]. The formation of this construction is inseparable from the reanalysis of grammatical structure and the infiltration of dialect format, and it is further developed and spread by analogy and “language meme”.