关于公平责任功能定位和规则构造的反思——论如何理解《民法典》第1186条
Reflections on the Functional Orientation, Rule Construction of Fair Liability—How to Understand Article 1186 of the Civil Code

公平责任条款旨在通过法律实现损失分担功能，但是该条款在司法实践中存在着误用和滥用，法官往往没有从损失的严重程度、当事人的经济状况和司法的管理成本出发进行理性裁量，而是基于息讼宁人的目的将事故损失在当事人之间进行分担。有鉴于此，《民法典》第1186条对公平责任条款做出了重大修改，在法律用语上将“可以根据实际情况”修改为“依据法律的规定”，由此，公平责任从“标准”的立法模式转变为了“规则”的立法模式，公平责任条款不再是可以直接独立适用的完全法条，而变成了仅具有指引性作用、需要与其他具体法律规范结合才能适用的转致规范。
The legislator has introduced the fair liability clause with the objective of effecting loss sharing through law. However, this provision has been subject to misuse and exploitation in judicial practice, so that judges often do not exercise rational discretion based on the severity of the loss, the economic situation of the parties, and the cost of judicial management. Instead, they apportion the accident loss among the parties in order to mitigate litigation. In response to these challenges, Article 1186 of the Civil Code has undergone a substantial amendment pertaining to the fair liability clause, substituting “according to the actual situation” with “according to the provisions of the law” in legal terminology. Consequently, fair liability has transitioned from a standard legislative mode to a rule legislative mode, transforming it into a guiding norm that can only be applied in conjunction with other specific legal norms.