论马克思辩证法和阿多诺“否定的辩证法”的异同
Study on the Differences and Similarities between Adorno’s “Negative Dialectics” and Marx’s Dialectics

马克思和阿多诺都在传统辩证法的基础上发展出了自己的辩证法理论，他们都继承了黑格尔辩证法关于“自我否定”的因素，但马克思提出“否定之否定”原则来为辩证法注入崭新的活力，而阿多诺则是强调绝对的“否定”，强调了他的“否定的辩证法”的批判精神中否定的彻底性和绝对性。虽然马克思的辩证法中的否定因素和阿多诺“否定的辩证法”有着相同的目的：推翻西方传统哲学——形而上学哲学，但从实现目的的方法和过程来看，马克思通过辩证法揭示了整个西方资本主义社会必然走向灭亡的趋势，完成了对整个西方资本主义社会的批判。而阿多诺则将则将视野放在资本主义社会的文化之中，着重批判资本主义文化，试图用“非同一性”破解资本主义制度对人的禁锢，也就是希望人们能够正视在“同一性”的压迫下被忽视的人与人之间的差异性。虽然马克思的辩证法和阿多诺的“否定的辩证法”都关注着现实，都是为了解决现实问题而提出的理论，但是阿多诺的否定的彻底的，激进的，片面强调了否定，最后导致这个理论只停留在意识形态领域，带有乌托邦的色彩。所以将阿多诺的“否定的辩证法”与马克思辩证法进行比较研究，对于我们更深刻地理解辩证法与马克思主义，分析和借鉴西方马克思主义都具有十分重大而积极的意义。
Both Marx and Adorno developed their own dialectical theory based on traditional dialectics, inheriting the factor of “Self-Negation” from Hegel’s dialectics. However, Marx proposed the principle of “Negation of Negation” to inject new vitality into dialectics, while Adorno emphasized absolute “Negation” and emphasized the thoroughness and absoluteness of negation in his critical spirit of “Negation of Dialectics”. Although the negation factor in Marx’s dialectics shares the same purpose as Adorno’s “Negation Dialectics”: to overthrow traditional Western philosophy—metaphysical philosophy, from the perspective of the methods and processes of achieving the goal, Marx revealed through dialectics the inevitable trend of the entire Western capitalist society towards extinction, completing the criticism of the entire Western capitalist society. And Adorno’s “Dialectical Negation” is only to achieve cultural criticism of Western capitalist society, attempting to use “Non-Identity” to break the constraints of the capitalist system on people, hoping to face the differences between people who are ignored under the oppression of “identity”. Although both Marx’s dialectics and Adorno’s “Negation Dialectics” focus on reality and are theories proposed to solve practical problems, Adorno’s negation is thorough, radical, and one-sided, emphasizing negation, ultimately leading to this theory only remaining in the realm of consciousness, with a utopian color. Therefore, comparing Adorno’s “dialectical negation” with Marxist dialectics can help us have a deeper understanding of dialectics and Marxism, as well as for analyzing and borrowing from Western Marxism.