The new independent solutions of the nonlinear differential equation with time-dependent coefficients (NDE-TC) are discussed, for the first time, by employing experimental device called a drinking bird whose simple back-and-forth motion develops into water drinking motion. The solution to a drinking bird equation of motion manifests itself the transition from thermodynamic equilibrium to nonequilibrium irreversible states. The independent solution signifying a nonequilibrium thermal state seems to be constructed as if two independent bifurcation solutions are synthesized, and so, the solution is tentatively termed as the bifurcation-integrationsolution. The bifurcation-integration solution expresses the transition from mechanical and thermodynamic equilibrium to a nonequilibrium irreversible state, which is explicitly shown by the nonlinear differential equation with time-dependent coefficients (NDE-TC). The analysis established a new theoretical approach to nonequilibrium irreversible states, thermomechanicaldynamics (TMD). The TMD method enables one to obtain thermodynamically consistent and time-dependent progresses of thermodynamic quantities, by employing the bifurcation-integration solutions of NDE-TC. We hope that the basic properties of bifurcation-integration solutions will be studied and investigated further in mathematics, physics, chemistry and nonlinear sciences in general.
References
[1]
Poincaré, H. (2023) Bifurcation Theory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcation_theory
[2]
Kuznetsov, Y.A. (1998) Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory. Springer, New York.
[3]
Strogatz, S.H. (1994) Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
[4]
Bakker, P.G. (1991) Bifurcations in Flow Pattems. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3512-2
[5]
Uechi, H., Uechi, L. and Uechi, S.T. (2021) The Lynx and Hare Data of 200 Years as the Nonlinear Conserving Interaction Based on Noether’s Conservation Laws and Stability. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 9, 2807-2847. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2021.911181
[6]
Uechi, S.T., Uechi, H. and Nishimura, A. (2019) The Analysis of Thermomechanical Periodic Motions of a Drinking Bird. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7, 559-571. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2019.74040
[7]
Uechi, H., Uechi, L. and Uechi, S.T. (2021) Thermodynamic Consistency and Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) for Nonequilibrium Irreversible Mechanism of Heat Engines. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 9, 1364-1390. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2021.96093
[8]
Lebon, G., Jou, D. and Casas-Vzquez, J. (2008) Understanding Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74252-4
[9]
Xing, J.T. (2015) Energy Flow Theory of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems with Applications. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17741-0_3
[10]
Lavenda, B.H. (1978) Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes. The MacMillan Press, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03254-9
[11]
Uechi, H., Uechi, L. and Uechi, S.T. (2023) The Application of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to the Analysis of Nonequilibrium Irreversible Motion and a Low-Temperature Stirling Engine. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 11, 332-359. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.111019
Senft, J.R. (1996) An Introduction to Low Temperature Differential Stirling Engines. Moriya Press, River Falls.
[14]
Rubtsov, N.M., Seplyarskii, B.S. and Alymov, M.I. (2017) Ignition and Wave Processes in Combustion of Solids. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56508-8
[15]
Uechi, H. and Uechi, S.T. (2020) Thermoelectric Energy Conversion of a Drinking Bird by Disk-Magnet Electromagnetic Induction. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8, 204-216. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2020.82017
[16]
Uechi, H. and Uechi, S.T. (2022) The Disk-Magnet Electromagnetic Induction Applied to Thermoelectric Energy Conversions. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 10, 179-193. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2022.102010
[17]
Yazdanpanah, R., Afroozeh, A. and Eslami, M. (2022) Analytical Design of a Radial-Flux PM Generator for Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Renewable Energy Application. Energy Reports, 8, 3011-3017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.121
[18]
Bageshwar, S.S. and Phand P.V. (2017) Design and Analysis of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator for Low Wind Power Application. International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation, 2, 70-90.
[19]
Dobzhansky, O., et al. (2019) Axial-Flux PM Disk Generator with Magnetic Gear for Oceanic Wave Energy Harvesting. IEEE Access, 7, 44813-44822. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2908348
Lee, S., etal. (2015) Sustainable Production of Formic Acid by Electrolytic Reduction of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 3, 3029-3034. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA03893B