Atmospheric Pollutants in a Commercial Region of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil: Integration of Health, Environment and Economy in Urban Planning to Improve Air Quality
The accelerated growth of the vehicular fleet, the modernization of large urban centers, and the few adjustments to the road network in Fortaleza have intensified the problems of traffic and emissions of atmospheric pollutants, highlighting the necessity for strategic urban planning initiatives to address the escalating issues of traffic and pollution. With the objective of analyzing the indices of concentrations of atmospheric pollutants and estimating how these levels can affect human health, this work consists of a study of the analysis of air quality in the intense trade region of Fortaleza. For this, the analysis zone was divided into three perimeters (Major - Medium - Minor), where each perimeter was analyzed at 7 am, 12 noon and 5 pm. Concentrations of the type of O3, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), CO2 and HCHO were collected. Our results demonstrate that most of the analyses are within the limits of current legislation; however, at certain times and perimeters, the analyses of CO2 and HCHO exceeded the established limits. In view of the above, we conclude that public policies to control air quality are necessary to reduce the damage to human health and the environment caused by pollutants.
References
[1]
Aràndiga, F., Baeza, A., & Yáñez, D. F. (2022). Monotone Cubic Spline Interpolation for Functions with a Strong Gradient. Applied Numerical Mathematics, 172, 591-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2021.11.007
[2]
Avino, P. et al. (2016). Benchmark Study on Fine-Mode Aerosol in a Big Urban Area and Relevant Doses Deposited in the Human Respiratory Tract. Environmental Pollution, 216, 530-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.005
[3]
Azarmi, F., & Kumar, P. (2016). Ambient Exposure to Coarse and Fine Particle Emissions from Building Demolition. Atmospheric Environment, 137, 62-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.029
[4]
Botchwey, N., Dannenberg, A. L., & Frumkin, H. (2022). Making Healthy Places: Designing and Building for Well-Being, Equity, and Sustainability. Island Press. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-64283-158-0
[5]
Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística-IBGE (2018). REGIC-Regiões de Influência das Cidades. https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/cartas-e-mapas/redes-geograficas/15798-regioes-de-influencia-das-cidades.html?=&t=o-que-e
[6]
Brito, G. F. da S., Sodré, F. F., & Almeida, F. V. (2018). O impacto do material particulado na qualidade do ar. Revista Virtual de Química, 10, 1335-1354.
[7]
Burtscher, H. (2005). Physical Characterization of Particulate Emissions from Diesel Engines: A Review. Journal of Aerosol Science, 36, 896-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.12.001
[8]
Cohen, A. J., & Nikula, K. (1999). The Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Laboratory and Epidemiologic Studies. In S. T. Holgate et al. (Eds.), Air Pollution and Health (pp. 707-745). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012352335-8/50107-1
[9]
Committee of the Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly of the American Thoracic Society (1996). Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution: State of the Art. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 153, 477-498. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542133
[10]
Consonni, D. et al. (2018). Outdoor Particulate Matter (PM10) Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk in the EAGLE Study. PLOS ONE, 13, e0203539. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203539
[11]
Dias, H. L. F. et al. (2016). Estimativa de emissões de poluentes atmosféricos veiculares integrada a modelagem da demanda por viagens: Fortaleza-CE. In XXX Congresso Nacional de Pesquisa em Transporte da ANPET (Vol. 21, pp. 2458-2469). Anpet.
[12]
Flanagan, E., Malmqvist, E., Gustafsson, S., & Oudin, A. (2022). Estimated Public Health Benefits of a Low-Emission Zone in Malmö, Sweden. Environmental Research, 214, Article ID: 114124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114124
[13]
Fonseca, J. et al. (2014). Assessment of Ultrafine Particles in Portuguese Preschools: Levels and Exposure Doses. Indoor Air, 24, 618-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12114
[14]
Goodsite, M. E., Hertel, O., Johnson, M. S., & Jørgensen, N. R. (2021). Urban Air Quality: Sources and Concentrations. In M. E. Goodsite, M. S. Johnson, & O. Hertel (Eds.), Air Pollution Sources, Statistics and Health Effects (pp. 193-214). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0596-7_321
[15]
Hanif, S., Lateef, M., Hussain, K., Hyder, S., Usman, B., Zaman, K., & Asif, M. (2022). Controlling Air Pollution by Lowering Methane Emissions, Conserving Natural Resources, and Slowing Urbanization in a Panel of Selected Asian Economies. PLOS ONE, 17, e0271387. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271387
[16]
Hinds, W. C. (1999). AerosolTechnology:Properties,BehaviourandMeasurementofAirborneParticles (p. 483). JohnWiley & Sons, USA.
[17]
Hussain, M., Madl, P., & Khan, A. (2011). Lung Deposition Predictions of Airborne Particles and the Emergence of Contemporary Diseases, Part-I. Health, 2, 51-59.
[18]
IPLANFOR, Instituto de Planejamento de Fortaleza (2024). Fortaleza em Bairros. https://bairros.fortaleza.ce.gov.br/bairro/centro
[19]
Karagulian, F. et al. (2015). Contributions to Cities’ Ambient Particulate Matter (PM): A Systematic Review of Local Source Contributions at Global Level. Atmospheric Environment, 120, 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.087
[20]
Kim, I.-S. et al. (2020). Long-Term Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Cardiovascular Mortality in the General Population: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Journal of Cardiology, 75, 549-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2019.11.004
[21]
Kittelson, D. B. (1998). Engines and Nanoparticles: A Review. Journal of Aerosol Science, 29, 575-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(97)10037-4
[22]
Kittelson, D., Watts, W., & Johnson, J. (2002). Diesel Aerosol Sampling Methodology-CRC E-43. Final Report, Coordinating Research Council.
[23]
Koblinger, L. (1990). Analysis of Human Lung Morphometric Data for Stochastic Aerosol Deposition Calculations. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 30, 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/30/6/004
[24]
Kumar, P., & Goel, A. (2016). Concentration Dynamics of Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter at and around Signalised Traffic Intersections. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 18, 1220-1235. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EM00215C
[25]
Li, T. et al. (2018). Mortality Risks from a Spectrum of Causes Associated with Wide-Ranging Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter: A Case-Crossover Study in Beijing, China. Environment International, 111, 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.023
[26]
Li, X. et al. (2016). Modeled Deposition of Fine Particles in Human Airway in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 124, 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.045
[27]
McDuffie, E. E., Smith, S. J., O’Rourke, P., Tibrewal, K., Venkataraman, C., Marais, E. A., & Martin, R. V. (2020). A Global Anthropogenic Emission Inventory of Atmospheric Pollutants from Sector-and Fuel-Specific Sources (1970-2017): An Application of the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). Earth System Science Data, 12, 3413-3442. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3413-2020
[28]
Mendell, M. J., Mirer, A., & Lei-Gomez, Q. (2007). Technical Report: Contaminants in Buildings and Occupied Spaces as Risk Factors for Occupant Symptoms in U.S. Office Buildings: Findings from the U.S. EPABASE Study. Laboratório Nacional de Lawrence Berkeley. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/928793 https://doi.org/10.2172/928793
[29]
Opoku, A., Bondinuba, F. K., Manaphraim, N. Y. B., & Kugblenu, G. (2024). Advancing the Sustainable Development Goals through the Promotion of Health and Well-Being in the Built Environment. In A. Opoku (Ed.), The Elgar Companion to the Built Environment and the Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 137-157). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035300037.00017
[30]
Oravisjärvi, K. et al. (2011). Effects of Physical Activity on the Deposition of Traffic-Related Particles into the Human Lungs in Silico. Science of the Total Environment, 409, 4511-4518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.020
[31]
Parreira, V. F. et al. (2010). Padrão respiratório e movimento toracoabdominal em indivíduos saudáveis: influência da idade e do sexo. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 14, 411-416. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552010000500010
[32]
PLANMOB—Plano de Mobilidade de Fortaleza (166 p.) (2015). Instituto de Planejamento de Fortaleza-Iplanfor.
[33]
Ribeiro, H., & Assunção, J. V. de. (2002). Efeitos das queimadas na saúde humana. Estudos Avançados, 16, 125-148. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-40142002000100008
[34]
Roe, D. R., & Brooks, B. R. (2021). Improving the Speed of Volumetric Density Map Generation via Cubic Spline Interpolation. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 104, Article ID: 107832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107832
[35]
Sakamoto, T., Doi, S., & Torii, S. (1999). Effects of Formaldehyde, as an Indoor Air Pollutant, on the Airway. Allergology International, 48, 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1592.1999.00131.x
[36]
Segalin, B. et al. (2017). Size-Segregated Particulate Matter inside Residences of Elderly in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil. Atmospheric Environment, 148, 139-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.10.004
[37]
Silva, E. S. da. (2013). Dinâmica Socioespacial do Comércio Popular de Confecção no Centro de Fortaleza. Dissertação (Mestrado), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 157 f.
[38]
Slezakova, K. et al. (2018). Indoor Particulate Pollution in Fitness Centres with Emphasis on Ultrafine Particles. Environmental Pollution, 233, 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.050
[39]
Sousa, N. A. et al. (2021). Indoor/Outdoor Particulate Matter and Health Risk in a Nursing Community Home in São Paulo, Brazil. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 12, Article ID: 101188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.101188
[40]
Tayebi, S., Momani, S., & Arqub, O. A. (2022). The Cubic B-Spline Interpolation Method for Numerical Point Solutions of Conformable Boundary Value Problems. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 61, 1519-1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.06.057
[41]
Teixeira, M. J. L., Pinheiro Neto, J. C., Oliveira, F. H. L. de, & Aguiar, M. F. P. de (2015). O Impacto Sobre o Tráfego Urbano Devido Implantação de Sistema Binário de Avenidas na Cidade de Fortaleza/CE. In Anpet: Congresso Nacional De Pesquisa Em Transporte Da Anpet (pp. 1546-1556).
[42]
Vasconcelos, L. C. de (2008). Um Centro para uma Cidade (Pós-)Moderna: A Requalificação do Centro Histórico de Fortaleza. Dissertação (Mestrado), Curso de Curso de Mestrado em Sociologia, Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-Ce, 180 f.
[43]
Verbeek, T., & Hincks, S. (2022). The “Just” Management of Urban Air Pollution? A Geospatial Analysis of Low Emission Zones in Brussels and London. Applied Geography, 140, Article ID: 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102642
[44]
WHO World Health Organization (2015). Available Evidence for the Future Update of the WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs). https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/341714/WHO-EURO-2016-4105-43864-61762-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
