海伦·朗基诺对不充分决定论题的批判与重构
Helen Longino’s Critique and Reconstruction of the Under-Determination Thesis

在《重新认识证据和不完全决定性》一文中，海伦·朗基诺对科学哲学领域的经典议题“不充分决定论题”进行了深入探讨。她指出，以往对该论题的解读存在偏颇，过于强调经验的等价性，却忽视了证据与理论之间的关联性，进而未能全面考虑知识产生的社会性背景。为了弥补这一不足，朗基诺提出了“批判的语境经验主义”这一新视角，旨在强调知识的社会属性，聚焦于知识的生成过程，并通过引入批判性思维，以避免陷入相对主义的困境。朗基诺的独特分析路径为不完全决定论题提供了新的见解，并为科学进步贡献了富有指导性的观点。然而，关于社会性因素如何确保证据的有效性，以及如何实现客观性的规范等问题，仍有待进一步探讨。
Helen E. Longino, in her article “Rethinking Evidence and Under-Determination” undertook a rigorous reexamination of the classic “under-determination thesis” within the philosophy of science. She pointed out that previous interpretations of this thesis were biased, overly emphasizing the equivalence of experience while ignoring the relevance between theory and evidence. This oversight, she argued, led to a significant underestimation of the social dimensions of knowledge production. To rectify this imbalance, Longino introduced a novel perspective termed “critical contextual empiricism.” This approach sought to reinterpret and enrich our understanding of the under-determination thesis by emphasizing the social characteristics of knowledge and its generative processes. She skillfully integrated critical thinking into her framework, ensuring that it avoided the pitfalls of relativism and maintained a robust commitment to objectivity. Longino’s unique contribution provided profound insights into the complexities of the under-determination thesis and offered valuable guidance for advancing scientific inquiry. However, further discussions are needed on how social factors can ensure the validity of evidence and how to achieve the norms of objectivity.