The purpose of the research was to assess the impact of Citizen Development activities on digital transformation. The research identified eight categories that contribute to the success of Low-code No-code (LCNC) projects: 1) Strategy; 2) Infrastructure; 3) Technology; 4) Processes & Procedures; 5) Governance; 6) Culture; 7) People; 8) Goals & Metrics and selected six critical success factors from these categories: 1) Operational Efficiency; 2) Time Savings; 3) Timeframe to Realize Value; 4) Employee Engagement; 5) Participation; 6) Number of Sponsored Ideas. End users of the digital transformation efforts through Citizen Development were asked to assess the six critical success measures in terms of performance and importance criteria. The research results identified that focus should be applied to improving “Timeframe to Realize Value”, on “Operational Efficiency”, and on “Time Savings” to deliver success.
References
[1]
Gartner (2021) The Importance of Citizen Development and Citizen IT. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2021-02-15-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-low-code-development-technologies-market-to-grow-23-percent-in-2021
[2]
Lehmann, C. (2021) Automation and Integration in Hybrid IT Architecture: 2018 Research Agenda. https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1117&context=ecis2021_rp
[3]
Kelly, C., et al. (2021) The Low-Code/No-Code Revolution Promises to Ignite a ‘Cambrian’ Explosion of User-Generated Innovation. https://www.accenture.com/gb-en/insights/software-platforms/power-to-the-people
[4]
Dahlander, L. and Wallin, M. (2021) Why Now Is the Time for “Open Innovation”. https://hbr.org/2020/06/why-now-is-the-time-for-open-innovation
[5]
Harvard Business Review (2021) The New Decision Makers: Equipping Frontline Workers for Success. https://www.thoughtspot.com/sites/default/files/pdf/HBR-ThoughtSpot-The-New-Decision-Makers.pdf
Rymer, J., et al. (2017) How to Harness Citizen Developers to Expand Your AD&D Capacity. Forrester.
[8]
Financial Times (2021) This Is for Everyone: Low-Code and the New Wave of Digital Transformation. https://www.ft.com/partnercontent/servicenow/this-is-for-everyone-low-code-and-the-new-wave-of-digital-transformation.html
[9]
Shapiro, D. and Kirkman, B. (2021) It’s Time to Make Business School Research More Relevant. https://hbr.org/2018/07/its-time https://hbr.org/2018/07/its-time-to-make-business-school-research-more-relevantto-make-business-school-research-more-relevant
[10]
Henriette, E., Feki, M. and Boughzala, I. (2015) The Shape of Digital Transformation: A Systematic Literature Review. Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems 2015 Proceedings, Samos, 3-5 October 2015, 10.
[11]
Krejci, D., Satu, I. and Stéphanie, M. (2021) Innovating with Employees: An Exploratory Study of Idea Development on Low-Code Development Platforms. European Conference on Information Systems 2021 Research Papers, Marrakech, 14-16 June 2021, 118.
[12]
Hanelt, A., Bohnsack, R., Marz, D. and Marante, C.A. (2020) A Systematic Review of the Literature on Digital Transformation: Insights and Implications for Strategy and Organizational Change. Journal of Management Studies, 58, 1159-1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12639
[13]
Osmundsen, K., Iden, J. and Bygstad, B. (2018) Digital Transformation Drivers, Success Factors, and Implications. Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems 2018 Proceedings, Corfu, 28-30 September 2018, 37.
[14]
Al-Sai, Z.A., Abdullah, R. and Husin, M.H. (2020) Critical Success Factors for Big Data: A Systematic Literature Review. IEEE Access, 8, 118940-118956. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3005461
[15]
Pisano, G. (2015) You Need an Innovation Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 93, 4454.
[16]
Bughin, J., et al. (2021) Digital Transformation: Improving the Odds of Success. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business Functions/McKinsey Digital/Our Insights/Digital transformation Improving the odds of success/Digital-transformation-Improving-the-odds-of-success-final.pdf
[17]
Dahl, A., Lawrence, J. and Pierce, J. (2011) Building an Innovation Community. Research-Technology Management, 54, 19-27. https://doi.org/10.5437/08956308X5405006
[18]
Tabrizi, B., et al. (2021) Digital Transformation Is Not about Technology. https://hbr.org/2019/03/digital-transformation-is-not-about-technology
[19]
Walker, M. (2021) Rethinking Digital Transformation. https://hbr.org/sponsored/2020/03/rethinking-digital-transformation
[20]
Khanna, S., et al. (2021) Welcome to the Digital Factory: The Answer to How to Scale your Digital Transformation. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/welcome-to-the-digital-factory-the-answer-to-how-to-scale-your-digital-transformation
[21]
Wong, J., et al. (2019) The Future of Apps Must Include Citizen Development. Gartner, Stamford.
[22]
Lee-Kelley, L. and Turner, N. (2016) PMO Managers’ Self-Determined Participation in a Purposeful Virtual Community-of-Practice. International Journal of Project Management, 35, 64-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.014
[23]
Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803932
[24]
Wenger, E. and Snyder, W. (2000) Communities of Practice: The Organizational Frontier. Harvard Business Review, 78, 139-145.
[25]
Wenger, E., McDermott, R.A. and Snyder, W.M. (2002) Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge. Harvard Business Press, Boston.
[26]
Davenport, T. and Redman, T. (2021) Digital Transformation Comes Down to Talent in 4 Key Areas. https://hbr.org/2020/05/digital-transformation-comes-down-to-talent-in-4-key-areas
[27]
Ahmed, K., et al. (2021) How Can IT Empower Citizen Developers? https://a.sfdcstatic.com/content/dam/www/ocms/assets/pdf/platform/governing-low-code-white-paper.pdf
[28]
Hunt, S., et al. (2021) Governing Citizen Development: A Strategy Guide for CIOs and IT Departments. https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RE4GSjX
[29]
Haffke, I., et al. (2017) The Transformative Role of Bimodal IT in an Era of Digital Business. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, 4-7 January 2017, 5460-5469. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2017.660
[30]
Hartl, E. and Hess, T. (2021) The Role of Cultural Values for Digital Transformation: Insights from a Delphi Study. Proceedings of the 23rd Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, 10-12 August 2017, 1-10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330353915_The_Role_of_Cultural_Values_for_Digital_Transformation_Insights_from_a_Delphi_Stud
[31]
Wendelken, A., et al. (2014) Innovation without Me: Why Employees Do (Not) Participate in Organizational Innovation Communities. R&D Management, 44, 217-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12042
[32]
Janzik, L. and Raasch, C. (2011) Online Communities in Mature Markets: Why Join, Why Innovate, Why Share? International Journal of Innovation Management, 15, 797-836. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919611003568
[33]
Muhdi, L. and Boutellier, R. (2011) Motivational Factors Affecting Participation and Contribution of Members in Two Different Swiss Innovation Communities. International Journal of Innovation Management, 15, 543-562. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919611003477
[34]
Carroll, N., et al. (2021) The Importance of Citizen Development for Digital Transformation. Cutter Business Technology Journal, 34, 5-9.
BDC (2021) What Is Operational Efficiency? https://www.bdc.ca/en/articles-tools/operations/operational-efficiency/3-critical-factors-operational-efficiency
[37]
Waxer, C. (2021) What is Citizen Development? https://www.forbes.com/sites/pmi/2020/12/01/what-is-citizen-development-the-low-codeno-code-revolution-organizations-should-go-all-in-on/?sh=371a2ee31da9
Peart, N. (2021) Making Work Less Stressful and More Engaging for Your Employees. https://hbr.org/2019/11/making-work-less-stressful-and-more-engaging-for-your-employees
[40]
McGaughy, C., Sousa, D., et al. (2021) Citizen Development: Critical Success Factors for Implementing Low Code/No-Code Enterprise Applications. https://www.projectmanagement.com/blog/blogPostingView.cfm?blogPostingID=68606&thisPageURL=/blog-post/68606/Citizen-development--Critical-Success-Factors-for-Implementing-Low-Code-No-Code-Enterprise-Applications-_=_
[41]
Salkind, N.J. (2010) Encyclopaedia of Research Design. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412961288
[42]
Memon, M.A., Ting, H., Cheah, J.-H., Chuah, R.T.F. and Cham, T.H. (2020) Sample Size for Survey Research: Review and Recommendations. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 4, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.4(2)01
[43]
Greener, S. and Martelli, J. (2012) An Introduction to Business Research Methods. 3rd Edition, Ventus Publishing, Telluride.
[44]
Lavrakas, P.J. (2008) Encyclopaedia of Survey Research Methods. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947
[45]
Wang, X. and Cheng, Z. (2020) Cross-Sectional Studies: Strengths, Weaknesses and Recommendations. Chest, 158, S65-S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
[46]
Evans, J. and Mathur, A. (2005) The Value of Online Surveys. Internet Research, 15, 195-219. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240510590360
[47]
Scherpenzeel, A. and Saris, W. (1997) The Validity and Reliability of Survey Questions: A Meta-Analysis of MTMM Studies. Sociological Methods & Research, 25, 341-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124197025003004
[48]
Martilla, J. and James, J. (1977) Importance-Performance Analysis. Journal of Marketing, 41, 77-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297704100112
[49]
Slack, N. (1994) The Importance-Performance Matrix as a Determinant of Improvement Priority. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 14, 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443579410056803
[50]
Catlin, T., et al. (2021) A Roadmap for a Digital Transformation. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/a-roadmap-for-a-digital-transformation
