目的性赠与下的彩礼返还规则研究
A Study on the Rules of Bride Price Return Regarding Purposeful Gift

《最高人民法院关于审理涉彩礼纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的规定》将彩礼的性质明确定义为“目的性赠与”，从而实现了彩礼返还规则与不当得利制度的联立适用，构建了更加灵活的操作模式。首先，在彩礼给付之性质上，将其认定为目的性赠与，参照适用附解除条件的赠与的相关规则，并在条件成就之拟制、赠与合同之缔约过失责任与瑕疵担保责任等问题上，结合涉婚问题的高度人身性，予以谨慎适用。其次，在彩礼返还之性质上，基于构成要件、规范意旨与适用场域等因素，排除了赠与人任意撤销权、赠与人法定撤销权、错误撤销权与情势变更下的合同解除权。最后，在彩礼返还规则的具体适用上，根据不当得利制度规范，结合彩礼的目的性赠与本质，在判定返还范围时，将目的达成状况、彩礼的实际使用与嫁妆情况等因素纳入考量。同时，为防范男方故意悔婚以主张彩礼返还、从而危害女方利益之道德风险，例外地考虑过错因素。
The Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Certain Issues of Applicable Law in the Hearing of Cases Involving Bride Price Disputes clearly define the nature of bride price as “purposeful gift”, thus realizing the joint application of the rules of gift return and the system of undue gain, and constructing a more flexible mode of operation. First, since recognizing the nature of the gift as a purposeful gift, it shall refer to the relevant rules for the conditions applicable to the revocation of gifts, and consider the highly personal nature of marital issues, in the formulation of conditions for achievement, the responsibility for breach of contract in gift contracts, and the liability for defects, caution should be exercised in the application. Secondly, in the nature of gift return, based on the constitutive elements, normative intent, applicable field and other factors, the grantee’s right of arbitrary revocation, the grantee’s right of legal revocation, and the right of error revocation and the situation change of the contract right shall be excluded. Finally, in the specific application of the rules, according to the rules of unjust gain, combined with the nature of “purposeful gift” of the gift, in determining the scope of return, the achievement of the purpose, the actual use of the dowry and other factors shall be taken into consideration. Also, in order to prevent the moral hazard that the husband intentionally repents the marriage in order to advocate the return of the bride price, thereby endangering the woman’s interests, the fault factor shall be taken into account.