Geode, boudinage, and undulation structures are widely distributed in the siliceous beds of the Upper Cretaceous/Tertiary rocks in Jordan. Their formation was attributed to tectonic forces, syngenetic processes, organic disintegration processes, subaquatic gliding, compaction and settlement, and meteoritic impacts. In this work, the structural features in the siliceous beds of Jordan are attributed to an interplay of load and directed pressures, and mineralogical transformation processes (opal-A to opal-CT to quartz), governed by pH changes. Tectonic directed pressure was acting in an ESE-WSW direction and is common in the silicified limestone of Upper Cretaceous.
References
[1]
Blanckenhorn, M. (1931) Die Geologie Palestinas nach heutiger Auffassung. Hinrich, Leipzig, 50. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112491447
[2]
Burdon, D. (1959) Handbook of the Geology of Jordan. Benham and Company Ltd., Colchester, 82.
[3]
Ruef, M. (1967) Zur Strategraphie und Tektonik der Kreide Jordaniens. Ph.D. Thesis, Ruprecht-Karl University, Heidelberg, 142.
[4]
Bender, F. (1975) Geology of the Arabian Pennisula, Jordan. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 560-I, 3 Plates, USGS Publications Warehouse, 136 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp560I
[5]
Salameh, E. and Schneider, W. (1980) Silica Geodes in Upper Cretaceous Dolomites, Jordan Influence of Calcareous Skeletal Debris in Early Diagenetic Precipitation of Silica. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Monatshefte Jg, 3, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1980/1980/185
[6]
Bandel, K. and Salameh, E. (2013) Geologic Development of Jordan: Evolution of Its Rocks and Life. The University of Jordan Press, Jordan, 277 p. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275946617
[7]
Lees, G.M. (1928) The Chert Beds of Palestine. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 39, 445-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7878(28)80003-4
[8]
Wolfart, R. (1962) Zur Geologie und Hydrogeologie des Irdid-Districts (Nord-Jordanians). Geologisches Jahrbuch, 79, 445-478.
[9]
Leet, D.L and Leet, F.J. (1962) Cause of Microseisms—A Theory. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 75, 1021-1022. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1962)73[1021:COMT]2.0.CO;2
[10]
Kunen, Ph. (1965) Value of Experiments in Geology. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 44, 22-36.
[11]
Twenhofel, W.H. (1950) Principles of Sedimentation. McGraw Hill, London, 673.
[12]
Hills, E.S. (1963) Elements of Structural Geology. Jarrold & Sons Ltd., Norwich, 483.
[13]
Salameh, E., Khoury, H. and Schneider, W. (2006) Jebel Waqf as Suwwan, Jordan: A Possible Impact Crater—A First Approach. Zeitschrift der deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 157, 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2006/0157-0319
[14]
NRA: Natural Resources Authority (2016) Geology Directorate, Geological Mapping Division. Ministry of Energy and Mineral, Open Files.
[15]
Schneider, W. and Salameh, E. (2023) Effects on Sedimentary Processes via Upper Triassic Climate Forcing Caused by Multiple Impacting and Large Igneous Provinces (LIP)-Rifting/Degassing: Jordanian Platform/Arabian Plate and Germanic Basin/Central Europe. Open Journal of Geology, 13, 136-170. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2023.132007
[16]
Tréguer, P.J. and De La Rocha, C.L. (2013) The World Ocean Silica Cycle. Annual Review of Marine Science, 5, 477-501.
[17]
Cady, S.L., Wenk, H.R. and Downing, K.H. (1996) (HRTEM) of Microcrystalline Opal in Chert and Porcelanite from the Monterey Formation, California. American Mineralogist, 81, 1380-1395. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1996-11-1211
[18]
Fairbridge, R.W. and Jablonski, D. (1979) The Encyclopedia of Paleontology. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Academic Press, Stroudsburg.
[19]
DeMaster, D.J. (1981) The Supply and Accumulation of Silica in the Marine Environment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 1715-1732. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90006-5
[20]
Khoury, H. (2019) Industrial Rocks and Minerals of Jordan: A Review. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12, Article No. 619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4750-0
[21]
Khoury, H. (2018) Economic Potentials of Industrial Rocks and Minerals in the Azraq Basin, NE Jordan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 1, Article No. 72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3423-8
[22]
Bohrmann, G., Abelmann, A., Gersonde, R., Hubberten, H. and Kuhn, G. (1994) Pure Siliceous Ooze, a Diagenetic Environment for Early Chert Formation. Geology, 22, 207-210. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0207:PSOADE>2.3.CO;2
[23]
Newell, N.D., Rigby, K., Fischer, A.G., Whiteman, A.J., Hickox, J.E. and Bradley, J.S. (1953) The Permian Reef Complex of Guadalupe Mountains Region, Texas and New Mexico. A Study in Paleoecology. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 268.
[24]
Hurd, G.B. (1938) Theories for the Mechanisms of the Settling of Silicic Acid Gels. Chemical Reviews, 22, 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60073a001
[25]
Salameh, E. and Zacher, W. (1980) Horizontal Stylolites and Paleostress in Jordan. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Monatshefte Jg, 8, 509-512. https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1982/1982/509
[26]
Wagner, G.H. (1964) Kleintektonische Untersuchungen in Gebiet des Nordlinger Rieses. Geologisches Jahrbuch, 81, 519-600.
[27]
Plessmann, W. (1972) Horoxomtal Stylolithenin franzosichen-schweizerischen c Tafel-and Faltenjura und ihre Eipassung in den regionalen Rahmen. Journal of Geological Research, 61, 332-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01836146
[28]
Al-Hejoj, H., Salameh, E. and Abu Hamad, A. (2013) Deformed Fossils and Related Structures in Jordan. Journal of Earth and Environmental Science, 5, 31-44.
[29]
Khoury, H., Salameh, E.M. and Clark, I.D. (2014) Mineralogy and Origin of Surficial Uranium Deposits Hosted in Travertine and Calcrete from Central Jordan. Applied Geochemistry, 43, 49-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.02.005
