|
|
认知努力现状综述
|
Abstract:
人们倾向于使用最小工作原则来决策与行动，这些都是关于认知努力的讨论，研究者们用有根据的证据来研究认知努力。认知努力的测量主要采用元认知、任务表现、过程追踪和生理测量。也可以用认知负荷、疲劳操作、个体差异以及时间压力来操作认知努力在任务表现中的差异。还收集了近些年研究对认知努力范式的研究和讨论。本文采用文献调查法，主要回顾了认知努力的概念、测量、操作、以及行为范式，总结认知努力的研究现状，探讨未来在心理学领域中认知努力的研究发展方向。
People tend to apply the principle of minimum effort when making decisions and taking actions, which all revolve around cognitive effort. Researchers employ evidence-based methods to investigate cognitive effort, primarily utilizing metacognition, task performance, process tracking, and physiological measures. Additionally, differences in task performance related to cognitive effort can be assessed through factors such as cognitive load, fatigue, Individual differences, and time pressure. Research and discussion of cognitive effort in recent years are also collected. Using the literature survey method this paper mainly reviews the concept, measurement, operationalization methods, and behavioral paradigms associated with cognitive effort. It summarizes the current research status while also discussing potential future directions for studying cognitive effort within the field of psychology.
| [1] | Tyler, S.W., Hertel, P.T., McCallum, M.C. and Ellis, H.C. (1979) Cognitive Effort and Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 607-617. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.5.6.607 |
| [2] | Wright, P. (1975) Consumer Choice Strategies: Simplifying vs. Optimizing. Journal of Marketing Research, 12, 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377501200109 |
| [3] | Kool, W., McGuire, J.T., Rosen, Z.B. and Botvinick, M.M. (2010) Decision Making and the Avoidance of Cognitive Demand. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139, 665-682. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020198 |
| [4] | Westbrook, A., Kester, D. and Braver, T.S. (2013) What Is the Subjective Cost of Cognitive Effort? Load, Trait, and Aging Effects Revealed by Economic Preference. PLOS ONE, 8, e68210. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068210 |
| [5] | Faber, L.G., Maurits, N.M. and Lorist, M.M. (2012) Mental Fatigue Affects Visual Selective Attention. PLOS ONE, 7, e48073. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048073 |
| [6] | Russo, J.E. and Dosher, B.A. (1983) Strategies for Multiattribute Binary Choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 676-696. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.9.4.676 |
| [7] | Freeman, J.B. and Ambady, N. (2010) MouseTracker: Software for Studying Real-Time Mental Processing Using a Computer Mouse-Tracking Method. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 226-241. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.226 |
| [8] | Schooler, J.W. and Engstler-Schooler, T.Y. (1990) Verbal Overshadowing of Visual Memories: Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid. Cognitive Psychology, 22, 36-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(90)90003-M |
| [9] | Charles, R.L. and Nixon, J. (2019) Measuring Mental Workload Using Physiological Measures: A Systematic Review. Applied Ergonomics, 74, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.08.028 |
| [10] | Westbrook, A. and Braver, T.S. (2015) Cognitive Effort: A Neuroeconomic Approach. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 15, 395-415. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0334-y |
| [11] | Mata, R., Schooler, L.J. and Rieskamp, J. (2007) The Aging Decision Maker: Cognitive Aging and the Adaptive Selection of Decision Strategies. Psychology and Aging, 22, 796-810. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.796 |
| [12] | Boksem, M.A., Meijman, T.F. and Lorist, M.M. (2005) Effects of Mental Fatigue on Attention: An ERP Study. Cognitive Brain Research, 25, 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.04.011 |
| [13] | Lin, H., Saunders, B., Friese, M., Evans, N.J. and Inzlicht, M. (2020) Strong Effort Manipulations Reduce Response Caution: A Preregistered Reinvention of the Ego-Depletion Paradigm. Psychological Science, 31, 531-547. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620904990 |
| [14] | Payne, J.W. and Bettman, J.R. (2008) Walking with the Scarecrow: The Information-Processing Approach to Decision Research. In: Koehler, D.J. and Harvey, N., Eds., Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making, Blackwell, Oxford, 110-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470752937.ch6 |
| [15] | Toplak, M.E., West, R.F. and Stanovich, K.E. (2011) The Cognitive Reflection Test as a Predictor of Performance on Heuristics-and-Biases Tasks. Memory & Cognition, 39, 1275-1289. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-011-0104-1 |
| [16] | Leonard, J.A., Cordrey, S.R., Liu, H.Z. and Mackey, A.P. (2023) Young Children Calibrate Effort Based on the Trajectory of Their Performance. Developmental Psychology, 59, 609-619. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001467 |
| [17] | Leonard, J.A., Lee, Y. and Schulz, L.E. (2017) Infants Make More Attempts to Achieve a Goal When They See Adults Persist. Science, 357, 1290-1294. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2317 |
| [18] | Lucca, K., Horton, R. and Sommerville, J.A. (2020) Infants Rationally Decide When and How to Deploy Effort. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 372-379. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0814-0 |
| [19] | Kool, W. and Botvinick, M. (2014) A Labor/Leisure Tradeoff in Cognitive Control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031048 |
| [20] | Doan, T., Castro, A., Bonawitz, E. and Denison, S. (2020) “Wow, I Did It!”: Unexpected Success Increases Preschoolers’ Exploratory Play on a Later Task. Cognitive Development, 55, Article ID: 100925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100925 |
| [21] | Damiano, C.R., Aloi, J., Treadway, M., Bodfish, J.W. and Dichter, G.S. (2012) Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders Exhibit Decreased Sensitivity to Reward Parameters When Making Effort-Based Decisions. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 4, Article No. 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-4-13 |
| [22] | Wu, R., Ferguson, A.M. and Inzlicht, M. (2023) Do Humans Prefer Cognitive Effort Over Doing Nothing? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 152, 1069-1079. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001320 |
| [23] | Aston-Jones, G. and Cohen, J. D. (2005) An Integrative Theory of Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine Function: Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 403-450. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 |
| [24] | Dosenbach, N.U.F., Visscher, K.M., Palmer, E.D., Miezin, F.M., Wenger, K.K., Kang, H.C., Burgund, E.D., Grimes, A.L., Schlaggar, B.L. and Petersen, S.E. (2006) A Core System for the Implementation of Task Sets. Neuron, 50, 799-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.031 |
| [25] | Power, J.D. and Petersen, S.E. (2013) Control-Related Systems in the Human Brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23, 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.12.009 |
| [26] | Duncan, J. and Owen, A.M. (2000) Common Regions of the Human Frontal Lobe Recruited by Diverse Cognitive Demands. Trends in Neurosciences, 23, 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01633-7 |
