建设民间文学艺术惠益分享制度的著作权路径探索
Exploration on the Copyright Path of Building a Benefit Sharing System for Folk Literature and Art

中国的民间文学艺术十分丰富且极具价值，但正面临着被滥用、被盗用等现实困境。为实现“公平公正地分享因利用民间文学艺术产生的惠益”这一目标，试从著作权法框架下探寻一条出路：首先，在辨析“文学艺术作品”“民间文学艺术作品”“非物质文化遗产”三个概念逻辑关系的基础上，建议删去“民间文学艺术作品”概念内涵的集体创作要件，并进一步明确世代传承要件的含义，即世代传承并非是持续的最终状态且不宜设定最少传承年限；其次，从“首次利益分配”与“二次利益分配”角度去具体构建相关著作权制度。在“首次利益分配”问题上，通过“从解释论上延展对现有的著作财产权保护期的理解”“创设‘视为许可’制度”等具体的著作权制度路径来实现民间文学艺术作品的著作财产权。在“二次利益分配”问题上，引入“追续权”的同时对其行使主体和权利金提取比例做出限制。
Chinese folk literature and art is rich and valuable, but it is facing the practical difficulties of being misused and misappropriated. In order to achieve the goal of “fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of folk literature and art”, try to find a way out under the framework of Copyright: First, on the basis of identifying the logical relationship between the three concepts of literature and art works, folk literature and art works and intangible cultural heritage, it is proposed to delete the collective creation element from the connotation of folk literature and art works and further clarify the meaning of the element of transmission from generation to generation, that is, transmission from generation to generation is not a continuous end state and it is not appropriate to set a minimum number of years of transmission; Second, the copyright system should be specifically constructed from the perspectives of “first benefit distribution” and “second benefit distribution”. On the issue of “first benefit distribution”, the property rights of folk literature and art works are realized by extending the understanding of the existing protection period and creating a “deemed license” system. On the issue of “secondary benefit distribution”, the “right of renewal” is introduced, while restrictions are imposed on the subjects of its exercise and the percentage of royalty withdrawal.