全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Cheaper Precision Weapons: An Exploratory Study about the HESA Shahed 136

DOI: 10.4236/aast.2024.91004, PP. 40-59

Keywords: Drones, Loitering Munitions

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

The ability to hit a target with precision and from a great distance has been reserved for the worlds superpowers. However, this resource is increasingly being threatened as drones with this long-range and precision capability are becoming more accessible to those who dont have this strategic ability. This article starts with an analysis of the Iranian HESA Shahed 136 drone to discuss the latest innovations in low-cost long-range precision weapons, specifically the use of kamikaze drones and loitering munitions. This is an exploratory study that starts by discussing the notion of a kamikaze drone and then analyses the design options for the Shahed 136, to reflect on the future of this new type of weapon and its implications for the economic and political relationship between weapon and cost. The conclusion is that the HESA Shahed 136 revolutionizes the concept of precise long-range strikes, a function that until now was reserved for expensive and technologically demanding tactical missiles and aircraft, and which can now be carried out with cheap drones. This creates an arms race not only in producing the most technological and precise weaponry but also the least expensive.

References

[1]  Gilli, A. and Gilli, M. (2016) The Diffusion of Drone Warfare? Industrial, Organizational, and Infrastructural Constraints. Security Studies, 25, 50-84.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2016.1134189
[2]  Rheinmetall. Loitering Munitions.
https://rheinmetall-defence.com/en/rheinmetall_defence/systems_and_products/weapons_and_ammunition/loitering_munitions/index.php
[3]  Voskuijl, M. (2022) Performance Analysis and Design of Loitering Munitions: A Comprehensive Technical Survey of Recent Developments. Defense Technology, 18, 325-343.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2021.08.010
[4]  Iguh, N.A., Akubuilo, F.C., Nnabugwu, O.C., Onah, C.A. and Iguh, C.L. (2023) The Principle of Military Necessity and Use of Drone in Armed Conflict. International Journal of Comparative Law and Legal Philosophy, 5, 112-117.
https://www.nigerianjournalsonline.com/index.php/IJOCLLEP/article/viewFile/4076/3952
[5]  Yenne, B. (2017) Drone Strike! UCAVs and Unmanned Aerial Warfare in the 21st Century. Specialty Press, Forest Lake.
[6]  Gettinger, D. and Michel, A.H. (2017) Loitering Munitions in Focus.
https://dronecenter.bard.edu/files/2017/02/CSD-Loitering-Munitions.pdf
[7]  Richards, M.A., Scheer, J.A. and Holm, W.A. (2010) Principles of Modern Radar. SciTech Publishing Inc, Raleigh.
https://doi.org/10.1049/SBRA021E
[8]  Eversden, A. (2022) Bigger, Faster, Longer: As the Market Grows, Loitering Munition Makers Eye Next Evolution. Breaking Defense.
https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/bigger-faster-longer-as-market-grows-loitering-drone-makers-eye-next-evolution/
[9]  Voskuijl, M., Dekkers, T. and Savelsberg, R. (2020) Flight Performance Analysis of the Samad Attack Drones Operated by Houthi Armed Forces. Science & Global Security, 28, 113-134.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2020.1846279
[10]  Dangwal, A. (2022) 1st Evidence of Russia-Operated Iranian Suicide Drone Emerges in Ukraine; Kiev Claims Downing Shahed-136 UAV. The Eurasian Times.
https://eurasiantimes.com/1st-evidence-of-russia-operated-iranian-drones-emerges-in-ukraine/-(a)
[11]  Knipp, K. (2022) Russia’s ‘Iranian Drones’ Tear at Ukrainian Infrastructure. Deutsche Welle.
https://www.dw.com/en/russias-iranian-drones-tear-at-ukrainian-infrastructure/a-63564040
[12]  Malsin, J. and Coles, I. (2022) Russia Uses Iranian-Made Drones to Strike Military Base Deep Inside Ukraine. The Wall Street Journal.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-uses-iranian-made-drones-to-strike-deep-inside-ukraine-11664965580
[13]  Trofimov, Y. and Nissenbaum, D. (2022) Russia’s Use of Iranian Kamikaze Drones Creates New Dangers for Ukrainian Troops. The Wall Street Journal.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/russias-use-of-iranian-kamikaze-drones-creates-new-dangers-for-ukrainian-troops-11663415140
[14]  Trofimov, Y. (2022) Ukraine’s Drone Spotters on Front Lines Wage New Kind of War. The Wall Street Journal.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraines-drone-spotters-on-front-lines-wage-new-kind-of-war-11659870805?mod=article_inline
[15]  Stern, D. and Dixon, R. (2022) Russia Pummels Ukraine with Missiles and Drones, Injuring Civilians. The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/11/17/ukraine-missile-strikes-grain-deal/
[16]  Newman, J. (2022) The Iranian-Made Drone Being Used to Carry out Deadly Strikes in Ukraine: How Putin Has Turned to Shahed-136 ‘Kamikaze’ Weapons Which Loiter in the Air before Slamming into Their Targets. The Daily Mail.
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11323461/The-Iranian-Shahed-136-kamikaze-drone-used-carry-deadly-strikes-Ukraine.html
[17]  Harris, S., Lamothe, D., Horton, A. and Deyoung, K. (2022) U.S. Has Viewed Wreckage of Kamikaze Drones Russia Used in Ukraine. The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/10/20/russia-iran-kamikaze-drones/
[18]  Bashir, H. (2023) The Iranian Drone Program: Role and Scope of Its Influence in Iran’s Foreign Policy. Journal for Iranian Studies, 17, 31-43.
[19]  Lob, E. (2023) Iran’s Drone Industry and Its Military Cooperation with Russia in Ukraine. In: Farhadi, A., Grzegorzewski, M. and Masys, A.J., Eds., The Great Power Competition, Springer, Cham, 111-140.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40451-1_6
[20]  Ekbia, H. (2018) The Political Economy of Drone Warfare. In: Carayannis, E., Campbell, D. and Efthymiopoulos, M., Eds., Handbook of Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy, and Cyber-Defense, Springer, Cham, 279-296.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09069-6_40
[21]  Boulanin, V. and Verbruggen, M. (2017) Mapping the Development of Autonomy in Weapon Systems. SIPRI.
[22]  Latynina, Y. (2022) ПортретшахидавнебеУкраины. Novaya Gazeta.
https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/10/21/portret-shakhida-v-nebe-ukrainy
[23]  Bai, L., Luo, H. and Ling, H. (2021) Autonomous Trajectory Planning and Control of Anti-Radiation Loitering Munitions under Uncertain Conditions. Electronics, 10, Article 2399.
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192399
[24]  Wallach, E. and Thomas, E. (2016) The Economic Calculus of Fielding Autonomous Fighting Vehicles Compliant with the Laws of Armed Conflict. Yale Journal of Law & Technology, 18, 12.
[25]  Mcfarland, T. (2022) Minimum Levels of Human Intervention in Autonomous Attacks. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 27, 387-409.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krac021
[26]  Eymann, T. and Martel, J. (2008) Numerical Investigation of Launch Dynamics for Subscale Aerial Drone with Rocket Assisted Take-Off (RATO). American Institution of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-1622
[27]  Rubin, U. (2023) Russia’s Iranian-Made UAVs: A Technical Profile. The Royal United Services Institute.
https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russias-iranian-made-uavs-technical-profile
[28]  CSIS Missile Defence Project (2016) Country: Russia.
https://missilethreat.csis.org/country_tax/russia/
[29]  Mordowanec, N. (2022) Russia’s ‘Slow’ Iranian-Made Drones Are ‘Easy to Target’ by Air Defense: UK. The Newsweek.
https://www.newsweek.com/russias-slow-iranian-made-drones-are-easy-target-air-defense-uk-1751212
[30]  Milmo, C. and Kirby, D. (2022) Iranian ‘Suicide’ Drones Used by Russia in Ukraine ‘Manufactured with British and US Components’.
https://inews.co.uk/news/iranian-drones-russia-ukraine-manufactured-british-us-components-1895442
[31]  Ozkarasahin, S. (2023) Beyond Arms and Ammunition: China, Russia and the Iran Back Channel. The Jamestown Foundation.
https://jamestown.org/program/beyond-arms-and-ammunition-china-russia-and-the-iran-back-channel/
[32]  (2020) IAI.
https://www.iai.co.il/p/harop
[33]  Binnie, J. (2022) Ukraine Conflict: Details of Iranian Attack UAV Released. Janes Information.
https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-details-of-iranian-attack-uav-released/
[34]  Bertrand, N. (2023) CNN Exclusive: A Single Iranian Attack Drone Found to Contain Parts from More Than a Dozen US Companies. CNN.
https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/04/politics/iranian-drone-parts-13-us-companies-ukraine-russia/index.html
[35]  Conflict Armament Research (2022) Dissecting Iranian Drones Employed by Russia in Ukraine.
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/7a394153c87947d8a602c3927609f572
[36]  United States Institute of Peace (2023) Explainer: American Parts in Iranian Drones.
https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2023/mar/01/explainer-american-parts-iranian-drones
[37]  Bertrand, N. (2022) Exclusive: Biden Task Force Investigating How US Tech Ends up in Iranian Attack Drones Used against Ukraine. CNN.
https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/21/politics/iranian-drones-russia-biden-task-force-us-tech-ukraine/index.html
[38]  Miller, C. (2022) Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology. Simon & Schuster UK.
[39]  Albright, D., Burkhard, S. and Faragasso, S. (2022) Iranian Drones in Ukraine Contain Western Brand Components. Institute for Science and International Security.
https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/iranian-drones-in-ukraine-contain-western-brand-components/8
[40]  Nephew, R. and Fishman, E. (2022) The Art of Sanctions in Russia and Iran. Columbia Energy Exchange.
https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/art-sanctions-russia-and-iran/
[41]  Farzanegan, M. (2023) Understanding Economic Sanctions on Iran: A Survey. The Economists’ Voice, 20, 197-226.
https://doi.org/10.1515/ev-2023-0014
[42]  Gorji, A. (2014) Sanctions against Iran: The Impact on Health Services. National Library of Medicine, 43, 381-382.
[43]  Dangwal, A. (2022) Russia Has ‘Upgraded’ Iranian Shahed-136 Kamikaze Drones to Boost Its Lethality & Accuracy—Military Experts. The Eurasian Times.
https://www.eurasiantimes.com/hitting-bulls-eye-russia-has-upgraded-iranian-shahed-136-kamikaze/
[44]  Wang, Z., Wang, H. and Han, J. (2011) High Accuracy Ground Target Location Using Loitering Munitions Platforms. Proceeding of SPIE 8194, International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2011: Advances in Imaging Detectors and Applications.
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.900519
[45]  Ahronheim, A. (2019) India to Buy 15 Harop Suicide Drones from Israel. The Jerusalem Post.
https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/india-to-buy-15-harop-suicide-drones-from-israel-578947
[46]  Flight Global (2000) South Korea Deploys Anti-Radar UAV.
https://www.flightglobal.com/south-korea-deploys-anti-radar-uav/30191.article
[47]  Barrie, D. (2021) Iran’s Drone Fleet. The Iran Primer.
https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2020/aug/20/irans-drone-fleet
[48]  Missile Defence Advocacy (2022) Missile Interceptors by Cost.
https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/missile-defense-systems-2/missile-defense-systems/missile-interceptors-by-cost/
[49]  Markowsky, G. (2023) The Budget Theorem and the Russo-Ukrainian War. 2023 IEEE 12th International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS), Dortmund, 7-9 September 2023, 958-962.
https://doi.org/10.1109/IDAACS58523.2023.10348943

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133