Biliary
complications are still the main complications for liver transplantation
recipients. Biliary strictures comprise the major part of all biliary complications
after deceased-donor liver transplantation (LT). Biliary strictures following
LT are divided into anastomotic strictures (AS) and non-anastomotic strictures
(NAS). A Limitation of current published researches is that most studies aren’t based on clinical practice. The aim of this review is to summarize
risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management in post-LT
biliary strictures.
References
[1]
Charlton, M.R. (2016) Roadmap for Improving Patient and Graft Survival in the Next 10 Years. Liver Transplantation, 22, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.24602
[2]
Balderramo, D., Navasa, M. and Cardenas, A. (2011) Current Management of Biliary Complications after Liver Transplantation: Emphasis on Endoscopic Therapy. Gastroenterología y Hepatología, 34, 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastrohep.2010.05.008
[3]
Sharma, S., Gurakar, A. and Jabbour, N. (2008) Biliary Strictures following Liver Transplantation: Past, Present and Preventive Strategies. Liver Transplantation, 14, 759-769. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.21509
[4]
Sharzehi, K. (2016) Biliary Strictures in the Liver Transplant Patient. Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 18, 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tgie.2016.06.002
[5]
Keane, M.G., Devlin, J., Harrison, P., Masadeh, M., Arain, M.A. and Joshi, D. (2021) Diagnosis and Management of Benign Biliary Strictures Post Liver Transplantation in Adults. Transplantation Reviews, 35, Article ID: 100593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2020.100593
[6]
Macías-Gómez, C. and Dumonceau, J.M. (2015) Endoscopic Management of Biliary Complications after Liver Transplantation: An Evidence-Based Review. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 7, 606-616. https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v7.i6.606
[7]
Verdonk, R.C., et al. (2006) Anastomotic Biliary Strictures after Liver Transplantation: Causes and Consequences. Liver Transplantation, 12, 726-735. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20714
[8]
Akamatsu, N., Sugawara, Y. and Hashimoto, D. (2011) Biliary Reconstruction, Its Complications and Management of Biliary Complications after Adult Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review of the Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcome: Biliary Reconstruction. Transplant International, 24, 379-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01202.x
[9]
Koneru, B., Sterling, M.J. and Bahramipour, P.F. (2006) Bile Duct Strictures after Liver Transplantation: A Changing Landscape of the Achilles’ Heel. Liver Transplantation, 12, 702-704. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20753
[10]
Sundaram, V., et al. (2011) Posttransplant Biliary Complications in the Pre- and Post-Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Era: Effect of Meld Score on Biliary Complications. Liver Transplantation, 17, 428-435. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.22251
[11]
Fernández-Simon, A., Díaz-Gonzalez, A., Thuluvath, P.J. and Cárdenas, A. (2014) Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography for Biliary Anastomotic Strictures after Liver Transplantation. Clinics in Liver Disease, 18, 913-926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2014.07.009
[12]
Liao, M., et al. (2021) Can Ultrasonography Differentiate Anastomotic and Non-Anastomotic Biliary Strictures after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation—A Single-Center Experience. European Journal of Radiology, 134, Article ID: 109416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109416
[13]
Singh, A., Gelrud, A. and Agarwal, B. (2015) Biliary Strictures: Diagnostic Considerations and Approach. Gastroenterology Report, 3, 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/gou072
[14]
Zoepf, T., et al. (2005) Diagnosis of Biliary Strictures after Liver Transplantation: Which Is the Best Tool? World Journal of Gastroenterology, 11, 2945-2948. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v11.i19.2945
[15]
Romagnuolo, J., Bardou, M., Rahme, E., Joseph, L., Reinhold, C. and Barkun, A.N. (2003) Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography: A Meta-Analysis of Test Performance in Suspected Biliary Disease. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139, 547-557.
[16]
Magro, B., Tacelli, M., Mazzola, A., Conti, F. and Celsa, C. (2021) Biliary Complications after Liver Transplantation: Current Perspectives and Future Strategies. Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition, 10, 76-92. https://doi.org/10.21037/hbsn.2019.09.01
[17]
Andriulli, A., et al. (2007) Incidence Rates of Post-ERCP Complications: A Systematic Survey of Prospective Studies. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 102, 1781-1788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01279.x
[18]
Jarlot-Gas, C., et al. (2021) Management of Anastomotic Biliary Stricture after Liver Transplantation and Impact on Survival. HPB, 23, 1259-1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2020.12.008
[19]
Landi, F., et al. (2018) Endoscopic Treatment of Anastomotic Biliary Stricture after Adult Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation with Multiple Plastic Stents versus Self-Expandable Metal Stents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Transplant International, 31, 131-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.13089
[20]
Zoepf, T., et al. (2006) Balloon Dilatation vs. Balloon Dilatation plus Bile Duct Endoprostheses for Treatment of Anastomotic Biliary Strictures after Liver Transplantation. Liver Transplantation, 12, 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20548
[21]
Kao, D., Zepeda-Gomez, S., Tandon, P. and Bain, V.G. (2013) Managing the Post-Liver Transplantation Anastomotic Biliary Stricture: Multiple Plastic versus Metal Stents: A Systematic Review. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 77, 679-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2013.01.015
[22]
Kaffes, A., et al. (2014) A Randomized Trial of a Fully Covered Self-Expandable Metallic Stent versus Plastic Stents in Anastomotic Biliary Strictures after Liver Transplantation. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 7, 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756283X13503614
[23]
Larghi, A., et al. (2019) Endoscopic Management of Benign Biliary Strictures after Liver Transplantation. Liver Transplantation, 25, 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.25358
[24]
Mittler, J., Chavin, K.D., Heinrich, S., Kloeckner, R., Zimmermann, T. and Lang, H. (2021) Surgical Duct-to-Duct Reconstruction: An Alternative Approach to Late Biliary Anastomotic Stricture after Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 25, 708-712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-020-04735-y
[25]
Sutcliffe, R., et al. (2004) Bile Duct Strictures after Adult Liver Transplantation: A Role for Biliary Reconstructive Surgery? Liver Transplantation, 10, 928-934. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20146
[26]
Jang, S.I., Choi, J. and Lee, D.K. (2015) Magnetic Compression Anastomosis for Treatment of Benign Biliary Stricture. Digestive Endoscopy, 27, 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12319
[27]
Bai, Y., Qi, C.C., Cheng, C.L. and Zhang, Y.M. (2022) Treatment of Bile-Duct Anastomotic Stricture after Liver Transplantation with the Rendezvous Technique. Asian Journal of Surgery, 45, 2840-2841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.06.059
[28]
Guichelaar, M.M.J., Benson, J.T., Malinchoc, M., Krom, R.A.F., Wiesner, R.H. and Charlton, M.R. (2003) Risk Factors for and Clinical Course of Non-Anastomotic Biliary Strictures after Liver Transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation, 3, 885-890. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00165.x
[29]
Dacha, S., Barad, A., Martin, J. and Levitsky, J. (2011) Association of Hepatic Artery Stenosis and Biliary Strictures in Liver Transplant Recipients. Liver Transplantation, 17, 849-854. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.22298
[30]
Noack, K., Bronk, S.F., Kato, A. and Gores, G.J. (1993) The Greater Vulnerability of Bile Duct Cells to Reoxygenation Injury than to Anoxia. Transplantation, 56, 495-499. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199309000-00001
[31]
Buis, C.I., et al. (2007) Nonanastomotic Biliary Strictures after Liver Transplantation, Part 1: Radiological Features and Risk Factors for Early vs. Late Presentation. Liver Transplantation, 13, 708-718. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.21166
[32]
Jorgensen, J.E., et al. (2011) Is MRCP Equivalent to ERCP for Diagnosing Biliary Obstruction in Orthotopic Liver Transplant Recipients? A Meta-Analysis. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 73, 955-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2010.12.014
[33]
Zoepf, T., et al. (2012) Optimized Endoscopic Treatment of Ischemic-Type Biliary Lesions after Liver Transplantation. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 76, 556-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.04.474
[34]
Ito, T., et al. (2020) Nonanastomotic Biliary Strictures after Liver Transplantation. The American Surgeon, 86, 1363-1367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003134820964461
