Introduction: Over-drowsiness is a condition with serious consequences, including road accidents. The condition, however, is often ignored both by carers as well as victims themselves. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors associated with excessive drowsiness in Cotonou, Benin 2023, along with its influence on the occurrence of crashes among truck drivers. Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, held from March 13 to April 10, 2023, focusing on large truck drivers over 18 years of age, selected by convenience from parking lots in and around the city of Cotonou. Data collected using questionnaires on socio-demographic and behavioral factors, sleeping habits and working conditions were processed using Stata 15.0 software. Excessive drowsiness was defined by a score above 10 on the Epworth scale. Associated factors were found by multiple logistic regression, at a threshold of 0.05. Results: Altogether 304 drivers, all male and aged 35.98 ± 8.42 years, were surveyed. The prevalence of excessive drowsiness was 29.2%. The associated factors identified were not practicing sport OR = 2.27, CI95% = [1.33; 3.86], p = 0,002; sleep duration per working day OR = 1.82; CI95% = [1.06; 3.11], p = 0,027 and average distance travelled per day OR = 3.40; CI95% = [1.53; 7.56], p = 0,003. Excessive drowsiness was associated with a 1.73-fold increased risk of road accidents (CI95% [1.04; 2.87]; p = 0.03). Conclusion: Communicating excessive drowsiness and its associated factors to all the stakeholders in the haulage chain is essential to help prevent road accidents.
References
[1]
Schwartz, M.D., Jonathan, R.L., Roth, T., Hirshkowitz, M. and Wright, K.P. (2009) Recognition and Management of Excessive Sleepiness in the Primary Care Setting. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 11, 197-204. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.07r00545
[2]
PasseportSanté (2022) Somnolence: Que faire quand on a toujours envie de dormir? https://www.passeportsante.net/fr/Maux/Symptomes/Fiche.aspx?doc=somnolence-symptome#
[3]
Dagnew, B., Andualem, Z. and Dagne, H. (2020) Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Its Predictors among Medical and Health Science Students of University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18, Article No. 299. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01553-3
[4]
Pacheco, D. and Rehman, A. (2023) Managing Excessive Daytime Sleepiness. Sleep Foundation, Washington DC. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/excessive-sleepiness
[5]
Mathis, J. and Schreier, D. (2014) Daytime Sleepiness and Driving Behaviour. Therapeutische Umschau, 71, 679-686. https://doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930/a000610
[6]
Binjabr, M.A., Alalawi, I.S., Alzahrani, R.A., Albalawi, O.S., Hamzah, R.H., Ibrahim, Y.S., et al. (2023) The Worldwide Prevalence of Sleep Problems among Medical Students by Problem, Country, and COVID-19 Status: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of 109 Studies Involving 59427 Participants. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 9, 161-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-023-00258-5
[7]
Brown, J. and Makker, H.K. (2020) An Approach to Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Adults. BMJ, 368, m1047. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1047
[8]
Houehanou, N.C.Y., Adovoèkpè, J.-M., Amidou, S.A., Sahgui-Tchansi, J.W., Ahlonsou, E. and Gandaho, P. (2019) Prévalence de la somnolence diurne excessive chez les conducteurs de véhicules poids lourds à Parakou en 2014. Journal de la Société de Biologie Clinique du Bénin, 31, 37-42. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/afr-201373
[9]
Ministère de la Santé (2022) Annuaires des statistiques sanitaires année 2021. https://sante.gouv.bj/MS_console/recherche_avancee
[10]
Dos Santos, B.H., Aïna, A., Kpozehouen, A., Ahanhanzo, Y.G., Daddah, D., Coppieters, Y., et al. (2021) évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la sécurité routière au Bénin en 2019. Santé Publique, 33, 763-778. https://www.cairn.info/revue-sante-publique-2021-5-page-763.htm https://doi.org/10.3917/spub.215.0763
[11]
Johns, M.W. (1991) A New Method for Measuring Daytime Sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep, 14, 540-545.
[12]
Gharibi, V., Mokarami, H., Cousins, R., Jahangiri, M. and Escandari, D. (2020) Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Safety Performance: Comparing Proactive and Reactive Approaches. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 11, 95-107. https://www.semanticscholar.org/reader/23fc3a6412d5929a62d6d3780bd0ddf765c5603f
[13]
Leger, D. (2014) Working with Poor Sleep. Sleep, 37, 1401-1403. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4153069/ https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3978
[14]
Rabat, A. (2022) Sommeil et Performances. Revue Défense Nationale, No. HS1, 25-35. https://www.cairn.info/revue-defense-nationale-2022-HS1-page-25.html https://doi.org/10.3917/rdna.hs07.0025
[15]
Schreier, D.R., Banks, C. and Mathis, J. (2017) Driving Simulators in the Clinical Assessment of Fitness to Drive in Sleepy Individuals: A Systematic Review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 38, 86-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.04.004
[16]
International Drivers Association (2014) Le Guide du Conducteur Routier. Borderless. https://internationaldriversassociation.com/fr/benin-driving-guide/
[17]
Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S.M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., Don Carlos, L., et al. (2015) National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep Time Duration Recommendations: Methodology and Results Summary. Sleep Health, 1, 40-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
[18]
Andersen, M.L. and Tufik, S. (2015) Sleep and the Modern Society. Journal of Sleep Disorders & Therapy, 4, 1000e131. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0277.1000e131
[19]
Gnonlonfoun, D.D., Adjien, C.K., Adoukonou, T., Ahomagnon, S.C.T., Goudjinou, G., Houinato, D., et al. (2015) Troubles du sommeil et leurs conséquences sur la performance des travailleurs en milieu hospitalier à Cotonou, Bénin. Revue Neurologique, 171, A171. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003537871500418X https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2015.01.392
[20]
Akkoyunlu, M.E., Altın, R., Kart, L., Atalay, F., Örnek, T., Bayram, M., et al. (2013) Investigation of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome Prevalence among Long-Distance Drivers from Zonguldak, Turkey. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 8, Article No. 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-8-10
[21]
Ahn, Y.H., Lee, S., Kim, S.R., Lim, J., Park, S.J., Kwon, S., et al. (2021) Factors Associated with Different Levels of Daytime Sleepiness among Korean Construction Drivers: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 21, Article No. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12062-3
[22]
Ntima-Nsiemi, A.K., Mbuila, C.N. and Kayembe, J.M.B. (2021) Risques d’Accidents de la Route chez les Conducteurs de Bus de Kinshasa et Signes évocateurs du Syndrome d’Apnée du Sommeil. Health Sciences and Diseases, 22, 83-88.
[23]
Vitols, K. and Voss, E. (2021) La fatigue des conducteurs dans le transport par route en Europe. Fédération européenne des travailleurs des transports (ETF). https://www.etf-europe.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Fatigue-REPORT-FR-1.pdf
[24]
de Mello, M.T., Narciso, F.V., Tufik, S., Paiva, T., Spence, D.W., BaHammam, A.S., et al. (2013) Sleep Disorders as a Cause of Motor Vehicle Collisions. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4, 246-257. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3634162/pdf/IJPVM-4-246.pdf
[25]
Maia, Q., Grandner, M.A., Findley, J. and Gurubhagavatula, I. (2013) Short and Long Sleep Duration and Risk of Drowsy Driving and the Role of Subjective Sleep Insufficiency. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 59, 618-622. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001457513002960 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.07.028
[26]
Rosso, G.L., Montomoli, C. and Candura, S.M. (2016) Poor Weight Control, Alcoholic Beverage Consumption and Sudden Sleep Onset at the Wheel among Italian Truck Drivers: A Preliminary Pilot Study. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 29, 405-416. https://file:///c:/users/hp%20pavilion/downloads/articles-2177436.pdf.pdf https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00638
[27]
Özer, C., Etcibaşı, S. and Öztürk, L. (2014) Daytime Sleepiness and Sleep Habits as Risk Factors of Traffic Accidents in a Group of Turkish Public Transport Drivers. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 7, 268-273. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3902267/
