Introduction:Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) refers to the rupture of the fibrous annulus
of the intervertebral discs. Lumbar curvature may lead to the occurrence of
lumbar disc degeneration. Fear of movement may worsen their disc herniation and
cause further pain and injury. LDH conditions impact the
individuals’ quality of life, to explore
the relationship between lumbar curve, muscle strength, fear of movement and
functional disability among patients with LDH. Methods: An electronic
search was conducted on PubMed, Medline, Science Direct, Springerlink, Google
Scholar and a hand search from reference lists was reviewed. Publications were included in human studies, patients 25 - 85 years of age, original studies and
References
[1]
Yang, H., Liu, H., Li, Z., Zhang, K., Wang, J., Wang, H. and Zheng, Z. (2015) Low Back Pain Associated with Lumbar Disc Herniation: Role of Moderately Degenerative Disc and Annulus Fibrous Tears. International Journal of Clinical Experimental Medicine, 8, 1634-1644.
[2]
Yu, P., Mao, F., Chen, J., Ma, X., Dai, Y., Liu, G., Dai, F. and Liu, J. (2022) Characteristics and Mechanisms of Resorption in Lumbar Disc Herniation. Arthritis Research and Therapy, 24, Article No. 205.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-022-02894-8
[3]
Zielinska, N., Podgórski, M., Haładaj, R., Polguj, M. and Olewnik, Ł. (2021) Risk Factors of Intervertebral Disc Pathology—A Point of View Formerly and Today—A Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10, Article No. 409.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030409
[4]
Amin, R.M., Andrade, N.S. and Neuman, B.J. (2017) Lumbar Disc Herniation. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 10, 507-516.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-017-9441-4
[5]
Jang, J.H., Hyan, C. and Dao, K. (2019) Effects of Lumbar Stabilization Exercise on Patients with Low Back Pain and Herniated Intervertebral Disc. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 9, 20-29.
[6]
Al Qaraghli, M.I. and Orlando, D.J. (2022) Lumber Disc Herniation. National Library of Medicine (NIH), 3, 64-70.
[7]
Rajesh, R.M., Debnath, S. and Rahul, H. (2019) Comparison of Core Stabilization Exercise versus General Exercise in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Randomised Controlled Trail. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy (IJPOT), 6, 80-92.
[8]
Debnath, U.K. (2018) Etiology and Risk Factors of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc (IVD) Degeneration. Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences, 4, 25-35.
https://doi.org/10.31031/RMES.2018.04.000597
[9]
Feng, Y., Egan, B. and Wang, J. (2016) Genetic Factors in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Genes & Diseases, 3, 178-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2016.04.005
[10]
Kanat, A., Yazar, U., Kazdal, H. and Sonmez, O.F. (2012) Introducing a New Risk Factor for Lumbar Disc Herniation in Females: Vertical Angle of the Sacral Curvature. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society, 52, 447-451.
https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2012.52.5.447
[11]
Mu, X., Peng, W., Yu, C., Xiong, J., Wei, J., Ou, Y. and Wang, C. (2020) Modic Changes of the Lumbar Spine-Their Association with the Lumbar Sagittal Parameters: A Retrospective Imaging Study. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 15, Article No. 220. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-020-01745-z
[12]
Mukund, K. and Subramaniam, S. (2020) Skeletal Muscle: A Review of Molecular Structure and Function in Health and Disease. Systems Biology and Medicine, 12, 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsbm.1462
[13]
Sions, J.M., Elliott, J.M., Pohlig, R.T. and Hicks, G.E. (2017) Trunk Muscle Characteristics of the Multifidi, Erector Spinae, Psoas, and Quadratus Lumborum in Older Adults with and without Chronic Low Back Pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 47, 173-179. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2017.7002
[14]
Ajit Singh, D.K., Lim, A.Y., Harithasan, D., Ab Rahman, N.N.A., Mohamed Sharif, N. and Rajaratnam, B. (2018) Gender Differences in Spinal Morphological Attributes among Young Adults: A Preliminary Study. Journal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 16, 119-124. https://doi.org/10.17576/jskm-2018-1602-15
[15]
Vlažná, D., Krkoška, P., Kuhn, M., Dosbaba, F., Batalik, L., Vlčková, E., Voháňka, S. and Adamová, B. (2021) Assessment of Lumbar Extensor Muscles in the Context of Trunk Function, a Pilot Study in Healthy Individuals. Applied Sciences, 11, Article No. 9518. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11209518
[16]
Santana De Sousa, C., Luciano, F., Yukio Fukuda, T. and Gomes-Neto, M. (2019) Lower Limb Muscle Strength in Patients with Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions, 19, 69-78.
[17]
Khademi-Kalantari, K.S. (2018) Effects of Specific Exercise Therapy on Abdominal Muscles in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Trail. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 31, 1111-1119.
[18]
Kato, S., Murakami, H., Demura, S., Yoshioka, K., Shimizu, T. and Tsuchiya, H. (2019) Abdominal Trunk Muscle Weakness and Its Association with Chronic Low Back Pain and Risk of Falling in Older Women. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 20, 273-280. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2655-4
[19]
Sugiura, S.D. and Maroufi, N. (2020) Comparison of Trunk Muscle Strength between Patients with and without Low Back Pain. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 25, 123-129.
[20]
Konrad, A., Močnik, R., Titze, S., Nakamura, M. and Tilp, M. (2021) The Influence of Stretching the Hip Flexor Muscles on Performance Parameters. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, Article No. 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041936
[21]
Binsimbak, N. and Qais, G. (2017) Modified Rehabilitation Exercises to Strengthen the Gluteal Muscles with a Significant Improvement in the Lower Back Pain. International Journal of Yoga, Physiotherapy and Physical Education, 2, 20-24.
[22]
Tatsumi, M., Mkoba, E. and Aoyama (2019) Risk Factors of Low Back Pain and the Relationship with Sagittal Vertebral Alignment in Tanzania. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 20, Article No. 584. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2953-x
[23]
Halim, A. (2019) Lumbar Range of Motion and Sagittal Alignment Differences among Patients with Low Back Pain and Lumbar Disc Herniation, Low Back Pain without Lumbar Disc Herniation and Healthy Controls. A Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal, 13, 14-19.
[24]
Amabile, A.H., Bolte, J.H. and Richter, S.D. (2017) Atrophy of Gluteus Maximus among Women with a History of Chronic Low Back Pain. PLOS ONE, 12, e0177008. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177008
[25]
Kim, C.M., Kong Yong, S., Yoon, T. and Park, J. (2019) The Effect of the Trunk and Gluteus Maximus Muscle Activities According to Support Surface and Hip Joint Rotation during Bridge Exercise. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30, 943-947.
https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.943
[26]
Zappalá, M., Lightbourne, S. and Heneghan, N. (2021) The Relationship between Thoracic Kyphosis and Age, and Normative Values across Age Groups: A Systematic Review of Healthy Adults. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 16, Article No. 447. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-021-02592-2
[27]
Kong, M., Xu, D., Gao, C., Zhu, K., Han, S., Zhang, H., Zhou, C. and Ma, X. (2020) Risk Factors for Recurrent L4-5 Disc Herniation after Percutaneous Endoscopic Transforaminal Discectomy: A Retrospective Analysis of 654 Cases. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13, 3051-3065. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S287976
[28]
Kocyigit, B.F. and Berk, E. (2018) Comparison of Lumbosacral Alignment in Geriatric and Non-Geriatric Patients Suffering Low Back Pain. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 34, 282-287. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.342.13969
[29]
Agichani, S., Joshi, S.D. and Joshi, S.D. (2017) Evaluation of Lumbosacral Angle amongst Central Indians. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 6, 5797-5801. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2017/1258
[30]
Ghasemi, A., Haddadi, K., Khoshakhlagh, M. and Ganjeh, H.R. (2016) The Relation between Sacral Angle and Vertical Angle of Sacral Curvature and Lumbar Disc Degeneration. Journal of Medicine, 95, e2746.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002746
[31]
Alsubaie, A.M., Martinez-Valdes, E., De Nunzio, A.M. and Falla, D. (2021) Trunk Control during Repetitive Sagittal Movements Following a Real-Time Tracking Task in People with Chronic Low Back Pain. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 57, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102533
[32]
Christe, G., Crombez, G., Edd, S., Opsommer, E., Jolles, B.M. and Favre, J. (2021) Relationship between Psychological Factors and Spinal Motor Behaviour in Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Association for the Study of Pain, 162, 672-686. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002065
[33]
Karayannis, N.V., Smeets, R.J.E.M., Van Den Hoorn, W. and Hodges, P.W. (2013) Fear of Movement Is Related to Trunk Stiffness in Low Back Pain. PLOS ONE, 8, e67779. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067779
[34]
Sanjoy, S., Ahsan, G. and Hossain (2017) Occupational Factors and Low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study of Bangladeshi Female Nurses. ABMC Research Notes, 10, Article No. 173. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2492-1
[35]
Pakkir Mohamed, S. and Seyed, M. (2021) Low Back Pain: A Comprehensive Review on the Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and the Role of Other Contributing Factors. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9, 347-359.
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6877
[36]
Rajnics, P., Templier, A., Skalli, W., Lavaste, F. and Illes, T. (2002) The Importance of Spinopelvic Parameters in Patients with Lumbar Disc Lesions. International Orthopaedics, 26, 104-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-001-0317-1
[37]
Chen, Z., Yao, X. and Jiang, H. (2018) Morphology of the Lumbar Multifidus Muscle in Lumbar Disc Herniation at Different Durations and at Different Ages. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 4119-4126.
https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5983
[38]
Kuai, S., Liao, Z. and Liu, W. (2017) The Effect of Lumbar Disc Herniation on Musculoskeletal Loadings in the Spinal Region during Level Walking and Stair Climbing. Medical Science Monitor, 23, 3869-3877.
https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.903349
[39]
Choi, H. and Jeong, D. (2017) Effect of Lumbar Stabilization Exercise on Disc Herniation Index, Sacral Angle, and Functional Improvement in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29, 2121-2125.
https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.2121
[40]
Van Wilgen, C.P., Stewart, R., Patrick Stegeman, P.T., Coppes, M. and Van Wijhe, M. (2010) Fear of Movement in Pre-Operative Patients with a Lumbar Stenosis and or Herniated Disc: Factor Structure of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. Manual Therapy, 15, 593-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2010.07.002
[41]
Svensson, G.L., Lundberg, M., Östgaard, H.C. and Wendt, G.K. (2011) High Degree of Kinesiophobia after Lumbar Disc Herniation Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Study of 84 Patients. Acta Orthopaedica, 82, 732-736.
https://doi.org/10.3109/17453674.2011.636674
[42]
Yilmaz, E., Çikrikçioǧlu, H.Y. and Baydur, H. (2018) The Effect of Functional Disability and Quality of Life on Decision to Have Surgery in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation. Orthopaedic Nursing, 37, 246-252.
https://doi.org/10.1097/NOR.0000000000000466
[43]
Alshammari, Q. and Soundararajan, L. (2022) Correlation between Pain, Disability and Levels of Disc Herniation in Michigan State University Grade-3 Disc Prolapsed Patients Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 16, 15-18.
https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2022/52935.15871
[44]
Gao, A., Wang, Y., Yu, M. and Liu, X. (2021) Analysis of Sagittal Profile and Radiographic Parameters in Symptomatic Thoracolumbar Disc Herniation Patients. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 22, Article No. 177.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04033-x
[45]
Sampath, P.B., Siccoli, A. and Victor, E. (2015) Gender Related Effects on Outcome of Spinal Surgery. Journal of Spine, 27, 2427-2435.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5737-3
[46]
Singh, D.K.A., Bailey, M. and Lee, R. (2013) Decline in Lumbar Extensor Muscle Strength the Older Adults: Correlation with Age, Gender and Spine Morphology. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14, Article No. 215.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-14-215
[47]
Zhang, Z.F. and Zhan, J. (2018) Correlation between Lumbar Disc Degeneration, Gene Polymorphism, and Body Mass Index. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 1, 70-80.
[48]
Norton, B., Sahrmann, S. and Van Dillen, L. (2004) Differences in Measurements of Lumbar Curvature Related to Gender and Low Back. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 32, 524-534. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2004.34.9.524
[49]
Allegri, M., Montwlla, S. and Fanelli, G.F. (2016) Mechanisms of Low Back Pain: A Guide for Diagnosis and Therapy. The Lancet, 5, 15-30.
https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8105.2
[50]
Hagai, M., Kaneoka, K. and Kuno, S. (2016) Factors Associated with Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in the Elderly. Journal of Spine, 8, 732-740.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2007.07.392
[51]
Adams, M.A. and Roughley, P.J. (2016) What Is Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and What Causes It? Journal of Spine, 31, 2151-2161.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000231761.73859.2c
[52]
Asiri, F., Tedla, J. and Gular, K. (2020) Effects of Patient-Specific Three-Dimensional Lumbar Traction on Pain and Functional Disability in Patients with Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Prolapse. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 23, 498-502.
https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_285_19
[53]
Qi, L., Luo, L., Meng, X., Zhang, J., Yu, T., Nie, X. and Liu, Q. (2023) Risk Factors for Lumbar Disc Herniation in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Case-Control Study. Frontiers in Surgery, 9, Article ID: 1009568.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2022.1009568
[54]
Cazzanelli, P. and Wuertz-Kozak, K. (2020) Micrornas in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Mechanobiology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, Article No. 3601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103601
[55]
Mathur, M., Jain, N. and Sharma, B. (2020) Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Review Article. International Journal of Orthopaedic Rheumatology, 6, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijor.2020.001
[56]
Jeong, D. and Choi, H. (2017) Effect of Lumbar Stabilization Exercise on Disc Herniation Index, Sacral Angle, and Functional Improvement in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29, 2121-2125.
https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.2121
[57]
Heneghan, N. and Lokhaug, S. (2018) Clinical Reasoning Framework for Thoracic Spine Exercise Prescription in Sport: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 6, 7-13.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000713
[58]
Jansson, K., Dorthe, S.Z. and Rikke, K.J. (2019) The Relationship between Work Ability and Functional Disability in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 32, 81-88.
[59]
De Baranda, P., Cejudo, A. and Santonia Medina, F. (2020) Sitting Posture, Sagittal Spinal Curvatures and Back Pain in 8 to 12-Year-Old Children from the Region of Murcia (Spain): ISQUIOS Programme. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072578
[60]
Ganiyu, S. and Gujba, K. (2015) Effects of Acupuncture, Core-Stability Exercises, and Treadmill Walking Exercises in Treating a Patient with Postsurgical Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Clinical Case Report. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 8, 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2014.08.002
[61]
Correa, L., Bittencourt, J. and Nogueira, L. (2023) Pain-Related Interference and Pain-Related Psychosocial Factors of Three Different Subgroups of Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 63, Article ID: 102718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102718
[62]
Zadro, J.R. (2021) Do Psychological Factor Predict Poor Outcome in Patients with Acute Low Back Pain? A Prospective Cohort Study.
[63]
Jansson, K., Hagai, M.K. and Sampath, P.B. (2019) The Relationship between Muscle Strength and Functional Disability in Low Back Pain Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 32, 35-45.
[64]
Grindle, D., Mousavi, S. and Anderson, D. (2020) Validity of Flexicurve and Motion Capture for Measurements of Thoracic Kyphosis vs Standing Radiographic Measurements. JOR Spine, 3, e1120. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsp2.1120
[65]
Lin, I., Wiles, L. and Waller, R. (2020) Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Review of Functional Limitations and Economic Burden. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 54, 11-17.
[66]
Sun, D., Liu, P., Cheng, J., Ma, Z.K., Liu, J.P. and Qin, T.Z. (2017) Correlation between Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, Paraspinal Muscle Atrophy, and Lumbar Facet Joints Degeneration in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 18, Article No. 167. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-017-1522-4
[67]
Santana De Sousa, C., Luciano, F. and Gomes-Neto, M. (2019) Lower Limb Muscle Strength in Patients with Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions, 19, 69-78.
[68]
Kawaguchi, Y. (2018) Genetic Background of Degenerative Disc Disease in the Lumbar Spine. Spine Surgery and Related Research, 2, 98-112.
https://doi.org/10.22603/ssrr.2017-0007
[69]
Misir, A., Kizkapan, T. and Yetis, M. (2019) Lumbar Spine Posture and Spinopelvic Parameters Change in Various Standing and Sitting Postures. European Spine Journal, 28, 1072-1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5846-z
[70]
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (2017) Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross Sectional Studies. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda.
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools
[71]
Pai, S.V., Eapen, C., Prabhakar, A.J. and Mehta, S. (2021) Relationship between Hip Muscle Strength and Disability in Patients with Nonspecific Low-Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study. Critical ReviewsTM in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 33, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2021039684
