课程教学中专业概念的演进——以金属热处理火与组织为例
Evolution of Professional Concepts in Course Teaching—Taking “Firing” and “Structure” in Metal Heat Treatment as Examples

金属热处理是金属材料最重要的加工工艺之一，通过改变和优化热处理工艺可以获得不同的微观组织和所需要的性能。传统热处理主要包括退火、正火、淬火和回火所谓“四把火”。上述“四把火”最初主要针对钢铁材料，后来也逐渐拓展到有色金属及其合金，但是其含义略有差异，有时差异很大。源于钢铁材料的微观组织概念随着观测仪器的发展也在发生变化，最初用光学显微镜定义的所谓“马氏体、贝氏体”等微观组织概念的内涵也在不断更新。为了理清这些概念，本文系统总结了金属热处理的概念、工艺、与组织的关联关系，以及概念的延伸和拓展，提出了以不同尺度的材料结构代替材料微观组织的理念。
Metal heat treatment is one of the most important processing techniques for metal materials. Various microstructures and desired properties can be obtained by optimizing the heat treatment pro-cess. Traditional heat treatment mainly includes annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering. That is so-called “Four fires”. The “Four fires” were initially used for steel materials, and then gradually extended into non-ferrous metals and their alloys, but their connotations are slightly different, sometimes very different. With the advancement of observation instruments, the concept of micro-structure derived from steel materials is also changing. The connotations of the socalled “marten-site, bainite” and other concepts for microstructure defined by optical microscopy have to keep updating. In order to clarify these concepts, this paper systematically summarizes the concept, the process of metal heat treatment, and the relationship between metal heat treatment and micro-structure, and the extension and expansion of these concepts are also discussed. The idea of substi-tuting microstructure for structure with various scales is proposed.