Background
and objectives: Diabetes is a chronic
multifactorial disease which requires
a variety of strategies to reduce its epidemic. Type 2 diabetes (T2MD)
is the most common form of diabetes which results from inefficiency of insulin
secretion or resistance to insulin action, both of which lead to chronic
hyperglycemia. Lipid peroxidation is an oxidative stress process that involve
in T2DM complications. This study aimed to 1) determine plasma malondialdehyde
(MDA) levels as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation in Sudanese patients with
T2DM, and 2) assess the associations between MDA and diabetes-related
variables. Material and Methods: This case-control study was conducted
from November 2022 to June 2023 at the National University, Sudan. It included
100 participants, of whom 50 were T2DM patients and 50 were healthy controls.
Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, and biochemical markers (FBS,
HbA1c, and MDA) were collected. The NycoCard HbA1c method and the GOD-POD
Method were used for HbA1c and glucose measurement, respectively. MDA was
determined by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method. The data were
analyzed using SPSS Version. Results: Significant differences were
observed between T2DM patients and healthy controls in FBS (P = 0.000), HbA1c
(P = 0.000), and MDA (P = 0.010), with T2DM patients exhibiting higher levels.
The study revealed a strong positive correlation between MDA levels and the
duration of diabetes (r = 0.69, P = 0.00), while other variables, including
age, BMI, and glucose control, did not significantly correlate with MDA levels. Conclusion: Findings revealed elevated MDA levels in Sudanese T2DM
patients, with a positive correlation between MDA and diabetes duration. These
findings emphasize the importance of oxidative stress in T2DM pathogenesis and
call for the need for targeted strategies to mitigate oxidative damage and
improve diabetes care.
References
[1]
Dawite, F., Girma, M., Shibiru, T., Kefelew, E., Hailu, T., Temesgen, R. and Abebe, G. (2023) Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic Control among Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Gamo and Gofa Zone Public Hospitals, Southern Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study. PLOS ONE, 18, e0276678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276678
[2]
Artasensi, A., Pedretti, A., Vistoli, G. and Fumagalli, L. (2020) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Multi-Target Drugs. Molecules, 25, Article No. 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081987
[3]
Ye, J., Wu, Y., Yang, S., Zhu, D., Chen, F., Chen, J., Ji, X. and Hou, K. (2023) The Global, Regional and National Burden of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Past, Present and Future: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne), 14, Article ID: 1192629. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1192629
[4]
Ong, K.L., Stafford, L.K., McLaughlin, S.A., Boyko, E.J., Vollset, S.E., Smith, A.E., et al. (2023) Global, Regional, and National Burden of Diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with Projections of Prevalence to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 402, 203-234.
[5]
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care, 45, S17-S38. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002
[6]
O’Hearn, M., Lara-Castor, L., Cudhea, F., Miller, V., Reedy, J., Shi, P., et al. (2023) Incident Type 2 Diabetes Attributable to Suboptimal Diet in 184 Countries. Nature Medicine, 29, 982-995. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02278-8
[7]
Kanumilli, N., Butler, J., Makrilakis, K., Rydén, L., Vallis, M., Wanner, C., et al. (2023) Guardians for Health: A Practical Approach to Improving Quality of Life and Longevity in People with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Therapy, 14, 1093-1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-023-01418-0
[8]
Ogbole, F.A. and Harold, B.A. (2023) Association of Undiagnosed Pre-Diabetes and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus with Interleukin-2 mRNA Expression among Adults in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. IJRR, 10, 210-215. https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.10_Issue.5_May2023/IJRR-Abstract25.html https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230525
[9]
Ayala, A., Muñoz, M.F. and Argüelles, S. (2014) Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014, Article ID: 360438. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438
[10]
Morsi, H.K., Ismail, M.M., Gaber, H.A. and Elbasmy, A.A. (2016) Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Malondialdehyde as Potential Predictors of Vascular Risk Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study in Saudi Arabia. Mediators of Inflammation, 2016, Article ID: 5797930. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5797930
[11]
Jiang, F., Zhou, L., Zhang, C., Jiang, H. and Xu, Z. (2023) Malondialdehyde Levels in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chinese Medical Journal, 136, 1311-1321. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002620
[12]
Kasujja, F.X., Mayega, R.W., Daivadanam, M., Kiracho, E.E., Kusolo, R. and Nuwaha, F. (2022) Glycated Haemoglobin and Fasting Plasma Glucose Tests in the Screening of Outpatients for Diabetes and Abnormal Glucose Regulation in Uganda: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study. PLOS ONE, 17, e0272515. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272515
[13]
Ganjifrockwala, F.A., Joseph, J.T. and George, G. (2017) Decreased Total Antioxidant Levels and Increased Oxidative Stress in South African Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 22, 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/16089677.2017.1324590
[14]
Sunita, R., Sahidan, S. and Hidayat, R. (2020) Evaluation of Malondialdehyde in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients as Oxidative Stress Markers in Bengkulu Population. Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research, 4, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v4i3.146
[15]
Alaaraji Shakir, F., Alrawi Khalid, F., Saif Allah Perry, H. and Alkrwi Esam, N. (2016) Evaluation of Serum Malondialdehyde, Glutathione and Lipid Profile Levels in Iraqi Females with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Baghdad Science Journal, 13, 383-391. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2016.13.2.2NCC.0383
[16]
Singh, M. (2020) High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, Malondialdehyde and Their Association with Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. International Journal of Health and Clinical Research, 3, 81-86.
[17]
Lawal, N., Akuyam, S.A. and Ahmad, M.B. (2022) Relationship between Serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. BJMLS, 7, 41-50.
[18]
Marjani, A., Veghari, G. and Badeleh, M.T. (2009) Serum Lipid Peroxidation and Leptin Levels in Male and Female Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Gorgan (South East of Caspian Sea), Iran. Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine, 5, 26-35.
[19]
Iacobini, C., Vitale, M., Pesce, C., Pugliese, G. and Menini, S. (2021) Diabetic Complications and Oxidative Stress: A 20-Year Voyage Back in Time and Back to the Future. Antioxidants (Basel), 10, Article No. 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050727
[20]
Saieva, C., Peluso, M., Palli, D., Cellai, F., Ceroti, M., Selvi, V., et al. (2016) Dietary and Lifestyle Determinants of Malondialdehyde DNA Adducts in a Representative Sample of the Florence City Population. Mutagenesis, 31, 475-480. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/gew012
[21]
Aleksandrova, K., Koelman, L. and Rodrigues, C.E. (2021) Dietary Patterns and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Systematic Review of Observational and Intervention Studies. Redox Biology, 42, Article ID: 101869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2021.101869
[22]
Perng, W., Conway, R., Mayer-Davis, E. and Dabelea, D. (2023) Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: The Epidemiology of an Awakening Epidemic. Diabetes Care, 46, 490-499. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci22-0046
[23]
Tangvarasittichai, S. (2015) Oxidative Stress, Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. World Journal of Diabetes, 6, 456-480. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.456
[24]
Szukiewicz, D. (2023) Molecular Mechanisms for the Vicious Cycle between Insulin Resistance and the Inflammatory Response in Obesity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24, Article No. 9818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129818
[25]
Masenga, S.K., Kabwe, L.S., Chakulya, M. and Kirabo, A. (2023) Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24, Article No. 7898. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097898
