A numerical approach to heat and mass transfer in a
large water reservoir is presented. This water reservoir is likened to a
parallelepiped reservoir whose vertical and lower walls are adiabatic and
impermeable. The equations that govern natural convection in water are solved
by the finite volume method and Thomas’salgorithm. The adequacy between the
velocity and pressure fields is ensured by the SIMPLE algorithm. We are going
to evaluate the water losses by evaporation from three dams in the Nakanbé
basin in Burkina Faso for a period of thirty years, that is to say from January
1, 1991, to March 15, 2020. The three dams
have a rate of evaporation greater than 40% of the volume of water stored.
Indeed the rate of evaporation in each dam increases with the water filling
rate in the reservoir: we have observed the following results for each dam in
the Nakanbé basin; for the date of 02/27/1988 to 03/13/2020., the Loumbila dam
received a total volume of stored water of 22.02 Mm3 and 10.57 Mm3 as the total volume of water evaporated at the same date. At the Ouaga dam(2+3), it stored a water volume of 4.06 Mm3 and evaporated 2.03 Mm3 of its storage volume from 01/01/1988 to
05/07/2016. Finally, with regard to the Bagré dam, it stored 745.16 Mm3 of water and 365.13 Mm3 as the volume of water evaporated from
01/01/1993 to 03/31/2020.
References
[1]
Li, W., Wu, X.Y., Luo, Z. and Webb. R.L. (2011) Falling Water Film Evaporation on Newly-Designed Enhanced Tube Bundles. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54, 2990-2997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.02.052
[2]
Schwartze, J.P. and Brocker, S. (2000) The Evaporation of Water into Air of Different Humidities and the Inversion Temperature Phenomenon. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 43, 1791-1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(99)00249-5
[3]
Raimundo, A.M., Gaspar, A.R., Oliveira, A.V.M. and Quintela, D.A. (2014) Wind Tunnel Measurements and Numerical Simulations of Water Evaporation in Forced Convection Airflow. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 86, 28-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.06.026
[4]
Yang, X. and Yan, Y.Y. (2011) Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Microscope Insight of Water Evaporation on a Heated Magnesium Surface. Applied Thermal Engineering, 31, 640-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.08.019
[5]
Yu, J.P. and Wang, H. (2012) A Molecular Dynamics Investigation on Evaporation of Thin Liquid Films. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55, 1218-1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.09.035
[6]
Leu, J.S., Jang, J.Y. and Chou, Y. (2006) Heat and Mass Transfer for Liquid Film Evaporation Along a Vertical Plate Covered with a Thin Porous Layer. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49, 1937-1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.11.004
[7]
Lee, C.Y., Zhang, B.J., Park, J. and Kim, K.J. (2012) Water Droplet Evaporation on Cu-Based Hydrophobic Surfaces with Nano- and Micro-Structures. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55, 2151-2159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.12.019
[8]
Deendarlianto, Takata, Y., Hidaka, S., Indarto, Widyaparaga, A., Kamal, S., Purnomo, and Kohno, M. (2014) Effect of Static Contact Angle on the Droplet Dynamics During the Evaporation of a Waterdroplet on the Hot Walls. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 71, 691-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.12.066
[9]
Nakoryakov, V.E., Misyura, S.Y. and Elistratov, S.L. (2012) The Behavior of Water Droplets on the Heated Surface. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55, 6609-6617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.06.069
[10]
Takata, Y., Hidaka, S., Yamashita, A. and Yamamoto, H. (2004) Evaporation of Water Drop on a Plasma-Irradiated Hydrophilic Surface. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 25, 320-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2003.11.008
[11]
Tang, R. and Etzion, Y. (2004) Comparative Studies on the Water Evaporation Rate from a Wetted Surface and That from a Free Water Surface. Building and Environment, 39, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2003.07.007
[12]
Jodat, A., Moghiman, M. and Anbarsooz, M. (2012) Experimental Comparison of the Ability of Dalton Based and Similarity Theory Correlations to Predict Water Evaporation Rate in Different Convection Regimes. Heat and Mass Transfer, 48, 1397-1406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-012-0984-z
[13]
Raimundo, A.M., Gaspar, A.R., Oliveira, A.V.M. and Quintela, D.A. (2014) Wind Tunnel Measurements and Numerical Simulations of Water Evaporation in Forced Convection Airflow. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 86, 28-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.06.026
[14]
Inan, M. and Atayilmaz, S.Ö. (2017) Experimental Investigation of Evaporation from a Horizontal Free Water Surface. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 35, 119-131.
[15]
Carrier, W.H. (1918) The Temperature of Evaporation. ASHVE Transactions, 24, 25-50. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent5024-1
[16]
Pauken, M.T. (1998) An Experimental Investigation of Combined Turbulent Free and Forced Evaporation. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 18, 334-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-1777(98)10038-9
[17]
Moghiman, M. and Jodat, A. (2007) Effect of Air Velocity on Water Evaporation Rate in Indoor Swimming Pools. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, 8, 19-30.
[18]
Shah, M.M. (2018) Improved Model for Calculation of Evaporation from Water Pools. Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 24, 1064-1074. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2018.1483157
