“三胎”政策背景下育龄女性群体就业权益的影响及其应对策略
The Influence of the Employment Rights and Interests of Women of Childbearing Age under the Background of “Three-Child” Policy and Its Countermeasures

人口问题始终是影响我国经济社会发展的基础性、全局性和战略性问题。《中共中央国务院关于优化生育政策促进人口长期均衡发展的决定》于2021年7月20日发布，作出实施“三胎”生育政策及配套支持措施的重大决策。生育政策的调整在缓解人口老龄化，促进社会可持续发展的同时，也会相应地带来一些消极影响。本文通过问卷调查法询问上海市年轻人对生育的态度、生育效用与生育阻力因素及对生育政策或措施的需求等。调查结果发现，男性有较高的生育意愿，对于女性参与者来说，经济压力、生育风险、个人事业发展、分娩疼痛与孕期艰辛、婚姻信心不足等因素阻碍了其未来的生育。从对生育政策或措施需求方面来看，男性参与者更希望降低生育成本，女性参与者则更需要提供工作支持。并通过访谈法总结“三胎”生育政策实施效果的基础上，分析“三胎”政策对育龄女性群体就业权益的影响，并从政府、企业和社会等多个维度提出应对策略。
Population problem has always been a basic, overall and strategic issue affecting China's economic and social development. The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and The State Council on Optimizing the Fertility Policy and Promoting the Long-term and Balanced Development of Population” was issued on July 20, 2021, making a major decision to implement the “three-child” fertility policy and supporting measures. The adjustment of fertility policy will not only alleviate the aging of population and promote the sustainable development of society, but also bring some negative effects accordingly. In this paper, by means of questionnaire survey, young people in Shanghai are asked about their attitudes towards fertility, fertility effectiveness, fertility resistance factors and their needs for fertility policies or measures. The results of the survey found that men have a higher desire to have children, and for female participants, economic pressure, reproductive risks, personal career development, childbirth pain and difficult pregnancy, marriage confidence and other factors hinder their future fertility. From the perspective of the demand for fertility policies or measures, male participants prefer to reduce the cost of childbirth, while female participants are more in need of work support. On the basis of summarizing the implementation effect of the “three-child” fertil-ity policy through interviews, this paper analyzes the impact of the “three-child” policy on the employment rights and interests of women of childbearing age, and puts forward countermeasures from multiple dimensions such as the government, enterprises and society.