Agroforestry ecosystems are constructed by
simulating natural ecosystems, applying the principles of symbiosis in nature,
and organizing multiple plant populations to coexist, while conducting targeted
cultivation and structural control scientifically. Rubber agroforestry complex
ecosystems aim for sustainable development in terms of industry, ecology,
resource utilization, and the livelihoods of producers. Rubber agroforestry
complex ecosystems create a complex production structure system that integrates
biology, society, and the economy through species combinations. Rubber trees
and associated biological components coordinate with each other, mutually
promote growth, and yield a variety of products for producers. Cultivation
techniques and patterns of rubber agroforestry are essential components of
these ecosystems. This study analyzes the production practices of rubber
agroforestry complex cultivation, with a focus on the development and
characteristics (complexity, systematicity, intensity, and hierarchy) of rubber
agroforestry systems using a literature analysis and a survey approach. It
explores the types and scales of complex planting, specifications and forms,
and major effects of complex cultivation. This study identifies successful
rubber agroforestry cultivation patterns and practical techniques, as well as
the potential benefits of developing rubber agroforestry cultivation. It also
points out the shortcomings in the development of complex planting, including
an emphasis on production practices but insufficient theoretical research, a
focus on production but inadequate attention to the market, and an emphasis on
yield while overlooking the improvement of standards, brands, and added value.
There are various complex patterns for young rubber plantations, but relatively
fewer for mature plantations. Based on this analysis, this study suggests that
future efforts should focus on in-depth research on interspecies and
environmental interactions in rubber agroforestry ecosystems, clearly define
key roles, accelerate the innovation of development patterns, and strengthen
the foundation for development. It recommends promoting and demonstrating
successful rubber agroforestry complex patterns and providing technical
training, developing product branding for rubber agroforestry patterns,
enhancing product value, expanding the application functions of rubber-forest
mixed crop products, and establishing a stable and sustainable industry chain.
This study provide practical experience and theoretical insights in rubber
agroforestry complex systems from
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