Multiple myeloma (MM) is both a complex and
heterogeneous disease.Cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities lead to
resistance to treatment and transformation to plasma cell leukemia,which is defined by the presence in circulating
blood of plasma cells over 2 G/L, or more than 20% of leukocytes. It is an
uncommon hematological malignancy with a poor prognosis. Against this backdrop,
we report an observation of multiple myeloma transformed into plasma cell
leukemia diagnosed at the H？pital Principal de Dakar (HPD) that occurred on a
64-year-old man with a history of thyroidectomy followed for multiple myeloma
presenting with Salmon et Durie stage IIIA and ISS stage I. Despite a marked
improvement in management strategy, myeloma remains an almost invariably
incurable disease. However, the development of genetic and molecular biomarkers
is necessary to improve its prognosis.
References
[1]
Kyle, R.A. and Rajkumar, S.V. (2009) Criteria for Diagnosis, Staging, Risk Stratification and Response Assessment of Multiple Myeloma. Leukemia, 23, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2008.291
[2]
Kyle, R.A., Maldonado, J.E. and Bayrd, E.D. (1974) Plasma Cell Leukemia. Report on 17 Cases. Archives of Internal Medicine, 133, 813-818. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.133.5.813
[3]
Dimopoulos, M.A., Palumbo, A., Delasalle, K.B. and Alexanian, R. (1994) Primary Plasma Cell Leukemia. British Journal of Haematology, 88, 754-759. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb05114.x
[4]
Gundesen, M.T., Lund, T., Moeller, H.E.H. and Abildgaard, N. (2019) Plasma Cell Leukemia: Definition, Presentation, and Treatment. Current Oncology Reports, 21, Article No. 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-019-0754-x
[5]
Guièze, R., Moreau, S., Dupire, S., Coiteux, V., Facon, T. and Leleu, X. (2005) Plasma Cell Leukemia. Hémat, 11, 217-225.
[6]
Manier, S. and Leleu, X. (2011) Multiple Myeloma: Diagnostic Clinic and Treatment Perspective. Recommendations from the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG). Immuno-Analysis and Specialized Biology, 26, 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immbio.2011.04.001
[7]
Gonsalves, W.I., Rajkumar, S.V., Go, R.S., Dispenzieri, A., Gupta, V., Singh, P.P., et al. (2014) Trends in Survival of Patients with Primary Plasma Cell Leukemia: A Population-Based Analysis. Blood, 124, 907-912. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-03-565051
[8]
Sant, M., Allemani, C., Tereanu, C., Angelis, R.D., Capocaccia, R., Visser, O., et al. (2010) Incidence of Hematologic Malignancies in Europe by Morphologic Subtype: Results of the HAEMACARE Project. Blood, 116, 3724-3734. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-05-282632
[9]
Dimopoulos, M.A., Palumbo, A., Delasalle, K.B. and Alexanian, R. (1994) Primary Plasma Cell Leukaemia. British Journal of Haematology, 88, 754-759. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb05114.x
[10]
Tiedemann, R.E., Gonzalez-Paz, N., Kyle, R.A., Santana-Davila, R., Price-Troska, T., VanWier, S.A., et al. (2008) Genetic Aberrations and Survival in Plasma Cell Leukemia. Leukemia, 22, 1044-1052. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2008.4
[11]
Gimsing, P., Holmström, M.O., Klausen, T.W., Andersen, N.F., Gregersen, H., Abildgaard, N., et al. (2016) The Danish National Multiple Myeloma Registry. Clinical Epidemiology, 25, 583-587. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S99463
[12]
Fernández de Larrea, C., Kyle, R.A., Durie, B.G., Ludwig, H., Usmani, S., Vesole, D.H., et al. (2013) Plasma Cell Leukemia: Consensus Statement on Diagnostic Requirements, Response Criteria and Treatment Recommendations by the International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia, 27, 780-791. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2012.336
[13]
Messaoudia, N., Chakoura, M., El Ktaibib, A., Tagjdida, R., Belmekkia, A. and Mbarek, N. (2009) Primary Plasma Cell Leukemia: A Rare Form of Leukemia and Plasma Cell Proliferation. Francophone Journal of Laboratories, 416, 7-10.
[14]
Alonso, M.L., Rubiol, E., Mateu, R., Estivill, C., Bellido, M. and Balmana, J. (1998) cCD79a Expression in a Case of Plasma Cell Leukemia. Leukemia Research, 22, 649-653. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2126(98)00009-5
[15]
Swerdlow, S.H., Campo, E., Harris, N.L., Jaffe, E.S., Pileri, S.A., Stein, H. and Thiele, J. (2017) WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues (Revised 4th Edition). IARC, Lyon.
[16]
Jurczyszyn, A., Radocha, J., Davila, J., Fiala, M.A., Gozzetti, A., et al. (2018) Prognostic Indicators in Primary Plasma Cell Leukaemia: A Multicentre Retrospective Study of 117 Patients. British Journal of Haematology, 180, 831-839. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15092
[17]
Mosca, L., Musto, P., Todoerti, K., Barbieri, M., Agnelli, L., Fabris, S., et al. (2013) Genome-Wide Analysis of Primary Plasma Cell Leukemia Identifies Recurrent Imbalances Associated with Changes in Transcriptional Profiles. American Journal of Hematology, 88, 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23339
[18]
Chiecchio, L.D.G., White, H.E., Towsend, M.R., Protheroe, R.K., Cheung, K.L., et al. (2009) Frequent Upregulation of MYC in Plasma Cell Leukemia. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer, 48, 624-636. https://doi.org/10.1002/gcc.20670
[19]
Cifola, I., Lionetti, M., Pinatel, E., Todoerti, K., Mangano, E., Pietrelli, A., et al. (2015) Whole-Exome Sequencing of Primary Plasma Cell Leukemia Discloses Heterogeneous Mutational Patterns. Oncotarget, 6, 17543-17558. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.4028
[20]
Reynolds, T.Y., Rockwell, S. and Glazer, P.M. (1996) Genetic Instability Induced by the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Research, 56, 5754-5757.
[21]
Azab, A.K., Hu, J., Quang, P., Azab, F., Pitsillides, C., Awwad, R., et al. (2012) Hypoxia Promotes Dissemination of Multiple Myeloma through Acquisition of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition-Like Features. Blood, 119, 5782-5794. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-09-380410
[22]
Bindra, R.S. and Glazer, P.M. (2005) Genetic Instability and the Tumor Microenvironment: Towards the Concept of Microenvironment-Induced Mutagenesis. Mutation Research, 569, 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.03.013
[23]
Meynet, O., Bénéteau, M., Jacquin, M.A., Pradelli, L.A., Cornille, A., Carles, M., et al. (2011) Glycolysis Inhibition Targets Mcl-1 to Restore Sensitivity of Lymphoma Cells to ABT-737-Induced Apoptosis. Leukemia, 26, 1145-1147. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2011.327
[24]
Fujiwara, S., Kawano, Y., Yuki, H., Okuno, Y., Nosaka, K., Mitsuya, H., et al. (2013) PDK1 Inhibition Is a Novel Therapeutic Target in Multiple Myeloma. British Journal of Cancer, 108, 170-178. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.527
[25]
Crasta, K., Ganem, N.J., Dagher, R., Lantermann, A.B., Ivanova, E.V., Pan, Y., et al. (2012) DNA Breaks and Chromosome Pulverization from Errors in Mitosis. Nature, 482, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10802
[26]
Walker, B.A., Mavrommatis, K., Wardell, C.P., Ashby, T.C., Bauer, M., Davies, F.E., et al. (2018) Identification of Novel Mutational Drivers Reveals Oncogene Dependencies in Multiple Myeloma. Blood, 132, 587-597. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-08-870022
[27]
Magrangeas, F., Avet-Loiseau, H., Munshi, N.C. and Minvielle, S. (2011) Chromothripsis Identifies a Rare and Aggressive Entity among Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Patients. Blood, 118, 675-678. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-03-344069
[28]
Baca, S.C., Prandi, D., Lawrence, M.S., Mosquera, J.M., Romanel, A., Drier, Y., et al. (2013) Punctuated Evolution of Prostate Cancer Genomes. Cell, 153, 666-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.021
[29]
Neuse, C.J., Lomas, O.C., Schliemann, C., Shen, Y.J., Manier, S., Bustoros, M. and Ghobrial, I.M. (2020) Genome Instability in Multiple Myeloma. Leukemia, 34, 2887-2897. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-020-0921-y
[30]
Rodriguez, C., Pont, J.C., Gouin-Thibault, I., Andrieu, A.G., Molina, T., Le Tourneau, A., et al. (2005) Plasma Cell Leukemia. Annales de Biologie Clinique, 63, 535-539.
[31]
Costello, R., Chaïbi, P. and Rousselot, P. (1996) Plasma Cell Leukemia, a Particular Form of Multiple Myeloma. Hematology, 2, 296-300.
[32]
Gowin, K., Skerget, S., Keats, J.J., Mikhael, J. and Cowan, A.J. (2021) Plasma Cell Leukemia: A Review of the Molecular Classification, Diagnosis, and Evidenced-Based Treatment. Leukemia Research, 111, Article ID: 106687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106687
[33]
Jurczyszyn, A., et al. (2019) Secondary Plasma Cell Leukemia: A Multicenter Retrospective Study of 101 Patients. Leukemia & Lymphoma, 60, 118-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2018.1473574
[34]
Granell, M., Calvo, X., Garcia-Guinon, A., Escoda, L., Abella, E., Martinez, C.M., et al. (2017) Prognostic Impact of Circulating Plasma Cells in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: Implications for Plasma Cell Leukemia Definition, Haematologica, 102, 1099-1104. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2016.158303
[35]
Ravi, P., Kumar, S.K., Roeker, L., Gonsalves, W., Buadi, F., Lacy, M.Q., et al. (2018) Revised Diagnostic Criteria for Plasma Cell Leukemia: Results of a Mayo Clinic Study with Comparison of Outcomes to Multiple Myeloma, Blood Cancer Journal, 8, Article No. 116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-018-0140-1
