In this study, the effect of combining different molecular domains on single platform has been reported that revealed a proper packing and interpenetration of fullerene spheres with the monomeric species. The fabricated IPN system exhibits hydrophobic behavior in nature. An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of fullerene-based poly (methyl hydro siloxane) (PMHS) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was prepared. The synthesized polymer network was characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC), and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) technique. The IPN was analyzed by IR spectroscopy, which depicts presence of fullerene at 500 cm−1 and 1632 cm−1, presence of PHMS at 1050 cm−1, 1250 cm−1, 2225 cm−1, and 3000 cm−1 and presence of PAN at 3077 cm−1, 1299 cm−1, 1408 cm−1 and 2083 cm−1. Shifting in band positions indicated the interpenetration of the reacting species. DSC endotherm showed crystalline peak (Tc) at 117˚C, which indicated the crystalline nature of the synthesized IPN. The absence of Tg peak and clear observable Tc peak revealed crystalline behavior of polymeric network. The microstructure of the polymer network was observed by SEM technique, which revealed transparent and dual-phase morphology of the IPN surface. The fluorescent emission spectra of polymeric network were recorded on
References
[1]
Sperling, L.H. and Hu, R. (2003) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. In: Utracki, L.A., Ed., Polymer Blends Handbook, Springer, Dordrecht, 417-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48244-4_6
[2]
Sperling, H. (1981) IPN and Related Materials. Plenum, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3830-7_5
[3]
Kudela, V. and Kroschwitz, I.H. (1987) Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 783-807.
[4]
An, Y.H., Solid, F.J. and Jang, H.Q. (2010) A Thermodynamic Model of Physical Gels. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 58, 2083-2099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2010.09.002
[5]
Zhao, X.H. (2012) A Theory for Large Deformation and Damage of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 60, 319-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2011.10.005
[6]
Buist, J.M. and Gudgeon, H. (1970) Advances in Polyurethane Technology. Elsevier, London.
[7]
Patel, B., Patel, L., Shah, H. and Modasiya, K. (2011) Review on Hydrogel Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery. J-Pharma, 1, 19-38.
[8]
Kamal, M., Jafri, M.J., Singh, D.K., Shami, T.C. and Himanshu, B.B. (2018) Electromagnetic Analysis of Semi Interpenetrating Polymer Network of Fullerene Based of Poly Acrylonitrile and Polyaniline. Advances in Polymer Technology, 37, 2663-2673. https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.21941
[9]
Arbogast, J.W., Foote, C.S. and Kao, M. (1992) Electron Transfer to Triplet Fullerene C60. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 114, 2277-2279. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00032a063
[10]
Baggett, J. (1991) Great Balls of Carbons. New Scientists. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13117765-400/
[11]
Clarson, S.J. and Semlyen, J.A. (1993) Siloxane Polymers. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
[12]
Gangopadhyay, R. and De, A. (2002) An Electrochemically Synthesized Conducting Semi-IPN from Polypyrrole and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol). Journal of Materials Chemistry, 12, 3591-3598. https://doi.org/10.1039/b201596j
[13]
Aparicio-Collado, J.L., Novoa, J.J., Molina-Mateo, J., Torregrosa-Cabanilles, C., Serrano-Aroca, á. and Sabater, I.S.R. (2020) Novel Semi-Interpenetrated Polymer Networks of Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) with Incorporated Conductive Polypyrrole Nanoparticles. Polymers, 13, 57 p.
[14]
Banerjee, S., Ray, S. and Maiti, S. (2010) Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN): A Novel Biomaterial. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2, 28-34.
[15]
Isiklan, N. (2006) Controlled Release of Insecticide Carbaryl from Sodium Alginate, Sodium Alginate/Gelatin and Sodium Alginate/Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Blends Beads Crosslinked with Glutaraldehyde. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 99, 1310-1319. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22012
[16]
Rokhade, A.P., Patil, S.A. and Aminabhavib, T.M. (2007) Synthesis and Characterization of Semi-Interpenetrating Microsphere of Acrylamide Grafted Dextran and Chitosan for Controlled Release of Acyclovir. Carbohydrate Polymer, 67, 605-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.07.001
[17]
Kurkarni, R.V., Sreedhar, V., Mutalik, S., Setty, C.M. and Sa, B. (2010) Interpentrating Polymer Network Hydrogel Membranes of Sodium Alginate and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) for Controlled Release of Prazosin Hydrochloride through Skin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 47, 520-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.07.009
[18]
Vlad, S., Vlad, A. and Opera, S. (2002) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Polyurethane and Polysiloxane. European Polymer Journal, 38, 829-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(01)00233-6
[19]
Zang, L., Zhou, J., Hunang, J., Gong, P., Zhou, Q., Zheng, L. and Du, Y. (1999) Biodegradability of Regenerated Cellulose Films Coated with Polyurethane/Natural Polymers Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 38, 4284-4289. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9900869
[20]
Al-Kahtani, A., Bhojya, H.S. and Sherigara, B.S. (2009) Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Based pH-Sensitive Semi-Interpenetrating Network Microspheres for Controlled Release of Diclofenac Sodium. Carbohydrate Research, 344, 699-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2009.01.011
[21]
Hsieh, T., Hsieh, P. and Simon, C. (1999) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Terminated Polyurethanes and Polyurethanes. Polymer, 40, 3153-3163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00204-3
[22]
Greco, R., Iavarone, M., Fiedlerova, A. and Borsig, E. (2001) Optical Properties of IPN-Like Networks. II. Polyethylene/Poly (Butylmethacrylate-Co-Methylmethacrylate) Copolymer Systems. Journal of Macromolecular Science Part A Pure and Applied Chemistry, A37, 433-446.
[23]
Che, R., Peng, L., Duan, X., Chen, Q. and Liang, X. (2004) Microwave Absorption Enhancement and Complex Permittivity and Permeability of Fe Encapsulated within Carbon Nanotubes. Advanced Materials, 16, 401-405. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200306460
[24]
Wang, Y. and Jing, X. (2005) Intrinsically Conducting Polymers for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 16, 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.589
[25]
Xiang, C., Pan, Y., Liu, X., Shi, X. and Guo, J. (2005) Microwave Attenuation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Fused Silica Composites. Applied Physics Letters, 87, Article ID: 123103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2051806
[26]
Chatterjee, P.R. (1989) Gelatin with Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Grafts and Glutaraldehyde Crosslinks. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 37, 2203-2212. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370812
[27]
Pinner, S. (1961) A Practical Course in Polymer Chemistry. Pergamon Press Inc., Tarrytown.
[28]
Collins, E. (1973) Experiments of Polymer Science. Wiley and Sons, New York.
[29]
Jasmee, S., Omar, G., Masripan, N.A.B., Kamarolzaman, A.A., Ashikin, A.S. and Che Ani, F. (2018) Hydrophobicity Performance of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) with Thermal Effect. Materials Research Express, 5, Article ID: 096304. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aad81e