个人破产豁免财产的认定问题研究
Research on the Identification of Exempt Property in Personal Bankruptcy

个人破产制度的设立已是我国经济发展到一定程度的必然产物，是对市场退出制度的进一步完善。个人破产豁免制度则对“诚实且不幸者”的最后保护，是实现个人破产制度立法目的的重要形式，其中对豁免财产的认定存在一些亟需解决的问题：应当如何分别对生活必需财产、发展需要财产和具有专属性的财产中的豁免财产的种类进行筛选，以及对上述豁免财产种类以何种方式对豁免财产的价值上限进行合理规定，以最终做到平衡债权和人权的矛盾，并且维护社会的整体利益。不同的国家对该问题基于其本国的经济情况和法律传统做出列举式、概括式、浮动财产价值等不同的规定。因此，在建立我国的豁免财产制度时，应秉持立法原意以期完整实现立法目的，兼采各国立法例相关规定，并依照因地制宜、因时制宜的原则，融合多种相关学科方法，设定适合我国经济发展情况的豁免财产制度。
The establishment of a personal bankruptcy system is the inevitable result of China’s economic development to a certain extent, and it is the further improvement of the market exit system. The personal bankruptcy exemption system is the final protection for “honest and unfortunate people”, which is an important form to achieve the legislative purpose of the personal bankruptcy system. There are some problems in the identification of exempt property that need to be solved: How should we screen the types of exempt property among the property necessary for life, property needed for development and property with exclusive property, and in what way should we reasonably stipulate the upper limit of the value of exempt property for the above-mentioned exempt property types, so as to balance the contradiction between creditor’s rights and human rights and safeguard the overall interests of society? Different countries make different provisions on this issue based on their own economic conditions and legal traditions, such as enumeration, generalization and floating property value. Therefore, in establishing the exempt property system of China, we should uphold the original intention of legislation to fully realize the legislative purpose, adopt the legislative examples of various countries to refine relevant provisions, and in accordance with the principles of the place system and the time, an exempt property system that is suitable for our economic development situation is set up by integrating a variety of related disciplines.